{"id":111,"date":"2016-06-10T18:46:26","date_gmt":"2016-06-10T18:46:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/35-the-middle-voice\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:30","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:30","slug":"35-the-middle-voice","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/35-the-middle-voice\/","title":{"rendered":"The Middle Voice"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_894\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"648\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/01\/i-5459.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-110\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/01\/i-5459.jpeg\" alt=\"2011.05.0060\" width=\"648\" height=\"1024\"><\/a> Fragment of a funerary lekythos. Names are inscribed above the heads of the three figures: \u03a4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u039a\u03bb\u03b5\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2, \u03a4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2.[\/caption]\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Middle Voice<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>So far, all verbs that we have discussed have been in the&nbsp;ACTIVE VOICE. In this lesson, we introduce&nbsp;the MIDDLE VOICE.&nbsp;Voice, you will recall, indicates the role that the subject plays in the action of the verb.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ACTIVE VOICE:&nbsp;The subject causes the action (e.g.,&nbsp;<em>I move&nbsp;the car<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li>PASSIVE&nbsp;VOICE:&nbsp;The&nbsp;subject receives the consequences of the action (e.g.&nbsp;<em>The car was moved<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li>MIDDLE&nbsp;VOICE:&nbsp;The&nbsp;subject is part or all of the action. In other words, the subject is both the cause and the&nbsp;focus, the agent and experiencer, of a verbal action (e.g. <em>I moved<\/em>&nbsp;(<em>myself<\/em>)).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Verbs in the MIDDLE VOICE are extremely common in Greek, and appear in most&nbsp;Greek sentences. A clearer picture of how the&nbsp;MIDDLE VOICE works can be seen if we compare it to the other two voices.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Active vs. Middle Voice:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To see the distinction that Greeks made between the ACTIVE and MIDDLE VOICE in transitive verbs, let's consider the following example. Say you&nbsp;have a horse. If someone frees or unties your&nbsp;horse, then the verb is in the ACTIVE VOICE in Greek: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd&nbsp;\u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>, <em>He frees my&nbsp;horse<\/em>. But if you untie&nbsp;your own&nbsp;horse so that you can ride it, this would be in the Greek MIDDLE&nbsp;VOICE:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>,&nbsp;<em>I free&nbsp;<\/em>(<em>my own<\/em>)&nbsp;<em>horse<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Oftentimes,&nbsp;verbs that are intransitive and ACTIVE in English are rendered in the&nbsp;MIDDLE VOICE in Greek, particularly if there&nbsp;is a reflexive quality about them (e.g. <em>I move<\/em>; <em>I stop<\/em>).&nbsp;That said, to a native speaker of Greek, the action of some intransitive verbs made sense ONLY&nbsp;in the MIDDLE VOICE.<\/p>\n<p>For example, some verbs that mean <em>come&nbsp;<\/em>and&nbsp;<em>go&nbsp;<\/em>in Greek occur only in the MIDDLE VOICE. A subject is inevitably participating in the action of <em>coming<\/em>&nbsp;or <em>going<\/em>,&nbsp;so it just seemed natural that some of these verb should be in the MIDDLE VOICE. Consider in English: <em>you go<\/em>&nbsp;makes sense, and you can <em>make the car go<\/em>,&nbsp;but you cannot&nbsp;<em>go the car<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Finally,&nbsp;for some Greek verbs, there can be an important distinction in meaning between the ACTIVE&nbsp;and&nbsp;MIDDLE VOICES (S 1728, 1734). For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9<\/span> in the ACTIVE&nbsp;means <em>I take<\/em>, but in the MIDDLE&nbsp;means <em>I choose<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03ac\u03c9<\/span> in the ACTIVE&nbsp;means <i>I measure<\/i>, but in the MIDDLE&nbsp;means <em>I calculate<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c9<\/span> in the ACTIVE&nbsp;means <i>I look at<\/i>, but in the MIDDLE&nbsp;means <em>I consider<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Such distinctions, when they occur, are noted&nbsp;in your lexicon.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Passive vs. Middle Voice:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It is tempting, as English speakers, to think of the ACTIVE and PASSIVE VOICE as opposing&nbsp;poles, between which is located the MIDDLE VOICE. Certainly the English terminology for the three voices suggests&nbsp;this conception. It&nbsp;is important to understand, however, that&nbsp;the fundamental dichotomy for Greeks was actually between ACTIVE and MIDDLE.<\/p>\n<p>Greek originally inflected verbs to indicate&nbsp;ACTIVE and MIDDLE VOICES. There were&nbsp;no distinct PASSIVE forms, nor does that voice seem to have been used.&nbsp;As the need for the PASSIVE VOICE emerged, Classical and Koine Greek began to&nbsp;use the MIDDLE VOICE forms&nbsp;of the verb to represent also&nbsp;the PASSIVE VOICE (S 1735).&nbsp;This makes sense, when we realize that the&nbsp;difference between the MIDDLE&nbsp;and PASSIVE&nbsp;could at times be almost indistinguishable for Greeks.<\/p>\n<p>Consider, for example, the following pairs of&nbsp;sentences:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>He mows<\/em> <em>his<\/em>&nbsp;<em>lawn<\/em>. (middle voice).<\/li>\n<li><em>He has his lawn mowed <\/em><em>by the neighbor<\/em>. (passive voice).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Socrates gets hit with a rock<\/em>. (middle voice).<\/li>\n<li><em>Socrates got hit&nbsp;by us with a rock<\/em>. (passive voice).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The cup breaks<\/em>. (middle voice).<\/li>\n<li><em>Cups&nbsp;keep getting&nbsp;broken by him<\/em>. (passive voice).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Distinguishing voice can be difficult for speakers of English who have been taught that there are only two voices: active and passive. What voice is used, for example, in the following sentences?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The bread is baking in the oven.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>She takes good pictures.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>He got himself fired today.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>\"The soup that eats like a meal.\"<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Consequently, while&nbsp;all the Greek verbs in this chapter&nbsp;are parsed \u2013 and almost always&nbsp;translated \u2013 in the MIDDLE voice, they can occasionally be translated with an English PASSIVE&nbsp;when context demands. One clue to identifying a PASSIVE use of a middle form is to look for&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f51\u03c0\u03cc<\/span> followed by a genitive; when modifying a passive verb, this construction indicates the agent of the verb. This construction is called the GENITIVE OF AGENT.<\/p>\n<p>Note the following examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/span> <em>The book is being written by the poet.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2&nbsp;\u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd&nbsp;\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;<em>The cities are being destroyed by the Persians\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Conjugation<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Middle Voice Personal Endings<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Recall&nbsp;that Greek has two conjugations:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs (athematic)<\/li>\n<li>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs (thematic)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In the ACTIVE VOICE, these conjugations use somewhat different endings to designate person and number, as well as the infinitive.&nbsp;In the&nbsp;MIDDLE VOICE, both conjugations use exactly the&nbsp;SAME PERSONAL ENDINGS&nbsp;to designate person and number, as well as&nbsp;the infinitive mood.&nbsp;All endings are short.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>If a verb is athematic (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> conjugation), then these endings are added directly to the tense stem.<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= you (2nd person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5&nbsp;<\/span>= y\u2019all (2nd person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd person sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd person pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> signals that a verb is in the infinitive. The persistent accent is on the ANTEPENULT.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">If a verb is thematic (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> conjugation), then a thematic vowel (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span>\/-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>) is added before these endings.&nbsp;Note that the second person singular regularly appears in one of two contracted forms that result from the loss of the INTERVOCALIC SIGMA (S 628).<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9<\/span> or -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc3&nbsp;<\/span>= you (2nd person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5&nbsp;<\/span>= y\u2019all (2nd person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd person sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd person pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;signals that a verb is in the infinitive.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Present, Indicative, Middle<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To&nbsp;begin building a Greek verb, we start with the VERB STEM, which tells the&nbsp;action that a verb describes.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span> = \u201cshow\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span> = \u201cloosen, destroy\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2<\/span> = \u201ctake\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Recall that some verbs add a marker (often a <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>) to the stem that says the verb is in the present tense.&nbsp;A verb always uses the same marker in the MIDDLE VOICE&nbsp;that it&nbsp;uses in the ACTIVE:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5<\/span> = \u201cshow\u201d (present tense stem)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span> = \u201cloosen\u201d (present tense stem = verb stem)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd<\/span> = \u201ctake\u201d (present tense stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Indicative, Middle of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9 <\/span>(athematic; S 418; GPH p. 156)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(thematic; S 383; GPH p. 69)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\/\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(thematic)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\/\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Future, Indicative, Middle<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Recall that adding a -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span>- to the stem marks a verb as in the FUTURE TENSE.&nbsp;So now the stem looks and sounds like this:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> = \u201cloosen\u201d<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3<\/span> = \u201cloosen\u201d (future tense stem)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> = \u201cshow\u201d&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be<\/span> = \u201cshow\u201d&nbsp;(future tense stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Remember: ALL VERBS, whether they be -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs or -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs in the present, use -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verb endings in the future tense. This is true in both the ACTIVE&nbsp;and&nbsp;MIDDLE VOICES.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Future, Indicative, Middle of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\/\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The Future&nbsp;Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Future, Indicative, Middle of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 383; GPH p. 75)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\/\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Future Indicative Middle Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Contract Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The rules of vowel contraction operate in verbs when the stem ends in one of the vowels <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span>.&nbsp;In these cases, this final vowel of the stem contracts with the thematic vowel of -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs. Note the following inflections, paying close attention to the contractions that result in the 2nd person singular:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 385; GPH p. 110)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> \u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span> \u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc3<\/span> \u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span> \u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> \u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> \u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive: (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> \u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The&nbsp;Present, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 385; GPH p. 101)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9\/\u1fc3<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1fb7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive:&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The&nbsp;Present, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 385; GPH p. 118)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03b5\u03b9\/\u1fc3<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fd6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive:&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Vocabulary Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The vocabulary for this&nbsp;chapter introduces a number of verbs that were used by the Greeks only in the MIDDLE VOICE. The term DEPONENT VERBS (Latin for <em>put down<\/em>, <em>lay aside<\/em>) is often&nbsp;used to describe these verbs, since to English speakers it appears that they&nbsp;somehow lost&nbsp;their&nbsp;ACTIVE forms (S 356). These verbs, however, never&nbsp;lost their ACTIVE&nbsp;forms, for they never had any.&nbsp;They are, and were meant to be, MIDDLE VERBS in Greek. As you study the vocabulary, consider why it made sense to Greeks that these particular verbs were&nbsp;best rendered in the MIDDLE VOICE.<\/li>\n<li>If the vocabulary entry ends in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>, then it has a thematic vowel and is an -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verb.&nbsp; Otherwise, it is athematic.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2013 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u2013<\/p>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key&nbsp;Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>MIDDLE&nbsp;VS.&nbsp;ACTIVE&nbsp;VOICE<\/li>\n<li>MIDDLE&nbsp;VS. PASSIVE&nbsp;VOICE<\/li>\n<li>GENITIVE OF AGENT<\/li>\n<li>ATHEMATIC MIDDLE VOICE PERSONAL ENDINGS<\/li>\n<li>THEMATIC MIDDLE VOICE PERSONAL ENDINGS<\/li>\n<li>CONJUGATING THE PRESENT, INDICATIVE, MIDDLE<\/li>\n<li>CONJUGATING THE FUTURE, INDICATIVE, MIDDLE<\/li>\n<li>CONJUGATING THE PRESENT, INDICATIVE, MIDDLE: CONTRACT VERBS<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 perceive<\/p>\n<p>\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 answer<\/p>\n<p>\u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 come to, arrive at<\/p>\n<p>\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 want, prefer<\/p>\n<p>\u03b3\u03af\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 happen, become, be born<\/p>\n<p>\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 welcome<\/p>\n<p>\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 be able, can<\/p>\n<p>\u1f15\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f15\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 follow<\/p>\n<p>\u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 work<\/p>\n<p>\u1f21\u03b3\u03ad\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f21\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 lead, consider<\/p>\n<p>\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 get, acquire<\/p>\n<p>\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 fight<\/p>\n<p>\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 go, march<\/p>\n<p>\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c9\/\u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 look at, examine, consider<\/p>\n<p>\u03c7\u03c1\u03ac\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 use<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>I. Memorize the vocabulary.<\/p>\n<p>II. Conjugate&nbsp;in full, including the infinitive, the following verbs in the Present, Indicative, Middle:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u1f21\u03b3\u03ad\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c7\u03c1\u03ac\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>I\u0399I.&nbsp;For the following verbs, 1). Fill in the correct accent, 2). Change from the active voice to the middle voice in the present tense and 3). in the future tense.<\/p>\n<p>Example:&nbsp;\u03c6\u03c5\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5: 1)&nbsp;\u03c6\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 2) \u03c6\u03cd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5 3) \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1fb3\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03bc\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_894\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-894\" style=\"width: 648px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/01\/i-5459.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-110\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/01\/i-5459.jpeg\" alt=\"2011.05.0060\" width=\"648\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/01\/i-5459.jpeg 648w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/01\/i-5459-190x300.jpeg 190w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/01\/i-5459-65x103.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/01\/i-5459-225x356.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/01\/i-5459-350x553.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-894\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fragment of a funerary lekythos. Names are inscribed above the heads of the three figures: \u03a4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u039a\u03bb\u03b5\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2, \u03a4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Middle Voice<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>So far, all verbs that we have discussed have been in the&nbsp;ACTIVE VOICE. In this lesson, we introduce&nbsp;the MIDDLE VOICE.&nbsp;Voice, you will recall, indicates the role that the subject plays in the action of the verb.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ACTIVE VOICE:&nbsp;The subject causes the action (e.g.,&nbsp;<em>I move&nbsp;the car<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li>PASSIVE&nbsp;VOICE:&nbsp;The&nbsp;subject receives the consequences of the action (e.g.&nbsp;<em>The car was moved<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li>MIDDLE&nbsp;VOICE:&nbsp;The&nbsp;subject is part or all of the action. In other words, the subject is both the cause and the&nbsp;focus, the agent and experiencer, of a verbal action (e.g. <em>I moved<\/em>&nbsp;(<em>myself<\/em>)).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Verbs in the MIDDLE VOICE are extremely common in Greek, and appear in most&nbsp;Greek sentences. A clearer picture of how the&nbsp;MIDDLE VOICE works can be seen if we compare it to the other two voices.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Active vs. Middle Voice:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To see the distinction that Greeks made between the ACTIVE and MIDDLE VOICE in transitive verbs, let&#8217;s consider the following example. Say you&nbsp;have a horse. If someone frees or unties your&nbsp;horse, then the verb is in the ACTIVE VOICE in Greek: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd&nbsp;\u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>, <em>He frees my&nbsp;horse<\/em>. But if you untie&nbsp;your own&nbsp;horse so that you can ride it, this would be in the Greek MIDDLE&nbsp;VOICE:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>,&nbsp;<em>I free&nbsp;<\/em>(<em>my own<\/em>)&nbsp;<em>horse<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Oftentimes,&nbsp;verbs that are intransitive and ACTIVE in English are rendered in the&nbsp;MIDDLE VOICE in Greek, particularly if there&nbsp;is a reflexive quality about them (e.g. <em>I move<\/em>; <em>I stop<\/em>).&nbsp;That said, to a native speaker of Greek, the action of some intransitive verbs made sense ONLY&nbsp;in the MIDDLE VOICE.<\/p>\n<p>For example, some verbs that mean <em>come&nbsp;<\/em>and&nbsp;<em>go&nbsp;<\/em>in Greek occur only in the MIDDLE VOICE. A subject is inevitably participating in the action of <em>coming<\/em>&nbsp;or <em>going<\/em>,&nbsp;so it just seemed natural that some of these verb should be in the MIDDLE VOICE. Consider in English: <em>you go<\/em>&nbsp;makes sense, and you can <em>make the car go<\/em>,&nbsp;but you cannot&nbsp;<em>go the car<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Finally,&nbsp;for some Greek verbs, there can be an important distinction in meaning between the ACTIVE&nbsp;and&nbsp;MIDDLE VOICES (S 1728, 1734). For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9<\/span> in the ACTIVE&nbsp;means <em>I take<\/em>, but in the MIDDLE&nbsp;means <em>I choose<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03ac\u03c9<\/span> in the ACTIVE&nbsp;means <i>I measure<\/i>, but in the MIDDLE&nbsp;means <em>I calculate<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c9<\/span> in the ACTIVE&nbsp;means <i>I look at<\/i>, but in the MIDDLE&nbsp;means <em>I consider<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Such distinctions, when they occur, are noted&nbsp;in your lexicon.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Passive vs. Middle Voice:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It is tempting, as English speakers, to think of the ACTIVE and PASSIVE VOICE as opposing&nbsp;poles, between which is located the MIDDLE VOICE. Certainly the English terminology for the three voices suggests&nbsp;this conception. It&nbsp;is important to understand, however, that&nbsp;the fundamental dichotomy for Greeks was actually between ACTIVE and MIDDLE.<\/p>\n<p>Greek originally inflected verbs to indicate&nbsp;ACTIVE and MIDDLE VOICES. There were&nbsp;no distinct PASSIVE forms, nor does that voice seem to have been used.&nbsp;As the need for the PASSIVE VOICE emerged, Classical and Koine Greek began to&nbsp;use the MIDDLE VOICE forms&nbsp;of the verb to represent also&nbsp;the PASSIVE VOICE (S 1735).&nbsp;This makes sense, when we realize that the&nbsp;difference between the MIDDLE&nbsp;and PASSIVE&nbsp;could at times be almost indistinguishable for Greeks.<\/p>\n<p>Consider, for example, the following pairs of&nbsp;sentences:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>He mows<\/em> <em>his<\/em>&nbsp;<em>lawn<\/em>. (middle voice).<\/li>\n<li><em>He has his lawn mowed <\/em><em>by the neighbor<\/em>. (passive voice).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Socrates gets hit with a rock<\/em>. (middle voice).<\/li>\n<li><em>Socrates got hit&nbsp;by us with a rock<\/em>. (passive voice).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The cup breaks<\/em>. (middle voice).<\/li>\n<li><em>Cups&nbsp;keep getting&nbsp;broken by him<\/em>. (passive voice).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Distinguishing voice can be difficult for speakers of English who have been taught that there are only two voices: active and passive. What voice is used, for example, in the following sentences?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The bread is baking in the oven.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>She takes good pictures.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>He got himself fired today.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>&#8220;The soup that eats like a meal.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Consequently, while&nbsp;all the Greek verbs in this chapter&nbsp;are parsed \u2013 and almost always&nbsp;translated \u2013 in the MIDDLE voice, they can occasionally be translated with an English PASSIVE&nbsp;when context demands. One clue to identifying a PASSIVE use of a middle form is to look for&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f51\u03c0\u03cc<\/span> followed by a genitive; when modifying a passive verb, this construction indicates the agent of the verb. This construction is called the GENITIVE OF AGENT.<\/p>\n<p>Note the following examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/span> <em>The book is being written by the poet.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2&nbsp;\u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd&nbsp;\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;<em>The cities are being destroyed by the Persians\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Conjugation<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Middle Voice Personal Endings<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Recall&nbsp;that Greek has two conjugations:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs (athematic)<\/li>\n<li>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs (thematic)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In the ACTIVE VOICE, these conjugations use somewhat different endings to designate person and number, as well as the infinitive.&nbsp;In the&nbsp;MIDDLE VOICE, both conjugations use exactly the&nbsp;SAME PERSONAL ENDINGS&nbsp;to designate person and number, as well as&nbsp;the infinitive mood.&nbsp;All endings are short.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>If a verb is athematic (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> conjugation), then these endings are added directly to the tense stem.<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= you (2nd person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5&nbsp;<\/span>= y\u2019all (2nd person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd person sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd person pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> signals that a verb is in the infinitive. The persistent accent is on the ANTEPENULT.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">If a verb is thematic (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> conjugation), then a thematic vowel (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span>\/-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>) is added before these endings.&nbsp;Note that the second person singular regularly appears in one of two contracted forms that result from the loss of the INTERVOCALIC SIGMA (S 628).<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9<\/span> or &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc3&nbsp;<\/span>= you (2nd person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5&nbsp;<\/span>= y\u2019all (2nd person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd person sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd person pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;signals that a verb is in the infinitive.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Present, Indicative, Middle<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To&nbsp;begin building a Greek verb, we start with the VERB STEM, which tells the&nbsp;action that a verb describes.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span> = \u201cshow\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span> = \u201cloosen, destroy\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2<\/span> = \u201ctake\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Recall that some verbs add a marker (often a <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>) to the stem that says the verb is in the present tense.&nbsp;A verb always uses the same marker in the MIDDLE VOICE&nbsp;that it&nbsp;uses in the ACTIVE:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5<\/span> = \u201cshow\u201d (present tense stem)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span> = \u201cloosen\u201d (present tense stem = verb stem)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd<\/span> = \u201ctake\u201d (present tense stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Indicative, Middle of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9 <\/span>(athematic; S 418; GPH p. 156)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(thematic; S 383; GPH p. 69)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\/\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(thematic)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\/\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Future, Indicative, Middle<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Recall that adding a &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span>&#8211; to the stem marks a verb as in the FUTURE TENSE.&nbsp;So now the stem looks and sounds like this:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> = \u201cloosen\u201d<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3<\/span> = \u201cloosen\u201d (future tense stem)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> = \u201cshow\u201d&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be<\/span> = \u201cshow\u201d&nbsp;(future tense stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Remember: ALL VERBS, whether they be &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs or &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs in the present, use &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verb endings in the future tense. This is true in both the ACTIVE&nbsp;and&nbsp;MIDDLE VOICES.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Future, Indicative, Middle of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\/\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The Future&nbsp;Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Future, Indicative, Middle of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 383; GPH p. 75)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\/\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Future Indicative Middle Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Contract Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The rules of vowel contraction operate in verbs when the stem ends in one of the vowels <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span>.&nbsp;In these cases, this final vowel of the stem contracts with the thematic vowel of &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs. Note the following inflections, paying close attention to the contractions that result in the 2nd person singular:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 385; GPH p. 110)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> \u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span> \u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc3<\/span> \u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span> \u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> \u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> \u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive: (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> \u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The&nbsp;Present, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 385; GPH p. 101)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9\/\u1fc3<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1fb7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive:&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The&nbsp;Present, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 385; GPH p. 118)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03b5\u03b9\/\u1fc3<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fd6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive:&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Vocabulary Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The vocabulary for this&nbsp;chapter introduces a number of verbs that were used by the Greeks only in the MIDDLE VOICE. The term DEPONENT VERBS (Latin for <em>put down<\/em>, <em>lay aside<\/em>) is often&nbsp;used to describe these verbs, since to English speakers it appears that they&nbsp;somehow lost&nbsp;their&nbsp;ACTIVE forms (S 356). These verbs, however, never&nbsp;lost their ACTIVE&nbsp;forms, for they never had any.&nbsp;They are, and were meant to be, MIDDLE VERBS in Greek. As you study the vocabulary, consider why it made sense to Greeks that these particular verbs were&nbsp;best rendered in the MIDDLE VOICE.<\/li>\n<li>If the vocabulary entry ends in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>, then it has a thematic vowel and is an &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verb.&nbsp; Otherwise, it is athematic.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2013 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u2013<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key&nbsp;Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>MIDDLE&nbsp;VS.&nbsp;ACTIVE&nbsp;VOICE<\/li>\n<li>MIDDLE&nbsp;VS. PASSIVE&nbsp;VOICE<\/li>\n<li>GENITIVE OF AGENT<\/li>\n<li>ATHEMATIC MIDDLE VOICE PERSONAL ENDINGS<\/li>\n<li>THEMATIC MIDDLE VOICE PERSONAL ENDINGS<\/li>\n<li>CONJUGATING THE PRESENT, INDICATIVE, MIDDLE<\/li>\n<li>CONJUGATING THE FUTURE, INDICATIVE, MIDDLE<\/li>\n<li>CONJUGATING THE PRESENT, INDICATIVE, MIDDLE: CONTRACT VERBS<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 perceive<\/p>\n<p>\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 answer<\/p>\n<p>\u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 come to, arrive at<\/p>\n<p>\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 want, prefer<\/p>\n<p>\u03b3\u03af\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 happen, become, be born<\/p>\n<p>\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 welcome<\/p>\n<p>\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 be able, can<\/p>\n<p>\u1f15\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f15\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 follow<\/p>\n<p>\u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 work<\/p>\n<p>\u1f21\u03b3\u03ad\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f21\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 lead, consider<\/p>\n<p>\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 get, acquire<\/p>\n<p>\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 fight<\/p>\n<p>\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 go, march<\/p>\n<p>\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c9\/\u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 look at, examine, consider<\/p>\n<p>\u03c7\u03c1\u03ac\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 use<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>I. Memorize the vocabulary.<\/p>\n<p>II. Conjugate&nbsp;in full, including the infinitive, the following verbs in the Present, Indicative, Middle:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u1f21\u03b3\u03ad\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c7\u03c1\u03ac\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>I\u0399I.&nbsp;For the following verbs, 1). Fill in the correct accent, 2). Change from the active voice to the middle voice in the present tense and 3). in the future tense.<\/p>\n<p>Example:&nbsp;\u03c6\u03c5\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5: 1)&nbsp;\u03c6\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 2) \u03c6\u03cd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5 3) \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1fb3\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03bc\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-111","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/111","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/111\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":112,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/111\/revisions\/112"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/111\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=111"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=111"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=111"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=111"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}