{"id":114,"date":"2017-02-02T15:28:43","date_gmt":"2017-02-02T15:28:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/36-more-middle-voice\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:30","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:30","slug":"36-more-middle-voice","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/36-more-middle-voice\/","title":{"rendered":"More Middle Voice; Middle Futures"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_890\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/01\/i-4804.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-113\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-4804.jpeg\" alt=\"2010.08.0067 (Leica I 4804)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"723\"><\/a> Fragment of an altar to Zeus Ombrios, the top of which was cut away for later re-use. Julio-Claudian period. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>More Middle Voice<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Recall that among -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs, there is a group of four particularly common verbs:<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;give (verb stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03c9<\/span>-\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf<\/span>-)<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;put, make&nbsp;(verb stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>-\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>-)<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;stand&nbsp;(verb stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span>-\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1<\/span>-)<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;throw&nbsp;(verb stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21<\/span>-\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f11<\/span>-)<\/p>\n<p>Observe that the inflection of these verbs in the present middle share the following characteristics:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In the ACTIVE VOICE, these verbs end their present tense stems &nbsp;in a LONG&nbsp;VOWEL in the singular and a SHORT VOWEL&nbsp;in the plural forms.&nbsp;In the MIDDLE VOICE, these verbs end their stems in a SHORT VOWEL in both singular and plural.<\/li>\n<li>To this stem is added the ATHEMATIC&nbsp;MIDDLE VOICE personal endings.<\/li>\n<li>The INTERVOCALIC SIGMA found in the 2nd person singular does NOT drop&nbsp;(S 744).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 123)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 145)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 134)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9 <\/span>(S 777)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Middle Future Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Some verbs that are regularly ACTIVE&nbsp;in the PRESENT TENSE&nbsp;become MIDDLE&nbsp;in the FUTURE TENSE. The challenge of conveying middle meaning in the future of these verbs is complex, and a topic reserved for advanced study. A&nbsp;few tendencies, however, may be noted (S 805-806):<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>They often form their present tense stem with -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>- or -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03ba<\/span>-.<\/li>\n<li>They often denote the activities of the physical organs or senses (voice, sight, hearing, smell, touch\u2026)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Note the following verbs from previous&nbsp;vocabulary that have MIDDLE&nbsp;FUTURES.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c9, \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> hear<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4<\/span>-) miss, make a mistake<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03bd\u1fc4\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>-) die<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, \u03b2\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b7<\/span>-) walk, come, go<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03c9, \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> see, look (at)<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9, \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>-) know, learn, judge, think<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af, \u1f14\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c3<\/span>-) be<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2<\/span>-\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b7\u03b2<\/span>-) take, grab; receive, get<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03b8<\/span>-) learn, ascertain<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03af\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b9<\/span>-) drink<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03c9, \u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> flee, run away, avoid, shun<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Putting it all together, the Future, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;<em>take<\/em> (verb stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2<\/span>-\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b7\u03b2<\/span>-) would appear as follows:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\/\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Another important verb, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> <em>to be<\/em>, forms its future in the middle voice. Recall that the verb stem for <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c3<\/span>-. To this stem is added a thematic vowel and the middle personal endings. The result is a Future Indicative that inflects as follows&nbsp;(S 768; GPH p. 181):<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Unorthodox Futures<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The following verbs all have futures, mostly in the middle voice, with variations or stem changes that are unpredictable or more complex than the patterns presented so far.&nbsp;These are all common and important verbs, however, and recognizing these unusual forms is essential to reading Greek.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> come, go<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c3\u03b8\u03af\u03c9, \u03c6\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> eat<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9, \u1f15\u03be\u03c9<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> have, hold, be<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03c9<\/span> provide<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41\u03c1\u03ac\u03c9, \u1f44\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> see<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> suffer, experience<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> fall<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9, \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> sail<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> learn, hear, inquire<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9, \u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> give birth<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> happen, meet<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9, \u03bf\u1f34\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> carry, bear, endure<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03c3\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;spread, differ<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> benefit, profit<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2013 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u2013<\/p>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key&nbsp;Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>MIDDLE VOICE OF&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>,&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/li>\n<li>MIDDLE&nbsp;FUTURE VERBS<\/li>\n<li>UNORTHODOX FUTURES<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Middle Futures:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c9, \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 hear<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4-) miss, make a mistake<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03bd\u1fc4\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd-) die<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, \u03b2\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03b2\u03b7-) walk, come, go<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03c9, \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 see, look (at)<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9, \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9-) know, learn, judge, think<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af, \u1f14\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u1f10\u03c3-) be<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2-\/\u03bb\u03b7\u03b2-) take, grab; receive, get<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03bc\u03b1\u03b8-) learn, ascertain<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03af\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03c0\u03b9-) drink<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03c9, \u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 flee, run away, avoid, shun<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Unorthodox Futures:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u1f14\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 come, go<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u1f10\u03c3\u03b8\u03af\u03c9, \u03c6\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 eat<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9, \u1f15\u03be\u03c9 or \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 have, hold, be<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03c9 provide<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u1f41\u03c1\u03ac\u03c9, \u1f44\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 see<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 suffer, experience<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 fall<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9, \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 and \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 sail<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 learn, hear, inquire<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9, \u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 give birth<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 happen, meet<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9, \u03bf\u1f34\u03c3\u03c9 carry, bear, endure<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03c3\u03c9&nbsp;spread, differ<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 benefit, profit<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>I. Memorize the vocabulary.<\/p>\n<p>II. Translate into the appropriate inflected Greek verb the following:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>he will be<\/li>\n<li>you will experience<\/li>\n<li>we will carry\/bear<\/li>\n<li>you all will walk<\/li>\n<li>they will know<\/li>\n<li>you (sg.) will learn<\/li>\n<li>it will differ<\/li>\n<li>we will&nbsp;give<\/li>\n<li>they will hear<\/li>\n<li>you all will eat<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_890\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-890\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/01\/i-4804.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-113\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-4804.jpeg\" alt=\"2010.08.0067 (Leica I 4804)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"723\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-4804.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-4804-300x212.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-4804-768x542.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-4804-65x46.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-4804-225x159.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-4804-350x247.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-890\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fragment of an altar to Zeus Ombrios, the top of which was cut away for later re-use. Julio-Claudian period. Athenian Agora Excavations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>More Middle Voice<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Recall that among &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs, there is a group of four particularly common verbs:<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;give (verb stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03c9<\/span>-\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf<\/span>-)<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;put, make&nbsp;(verb stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>-\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>-)<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;stand&nbsp;(verb stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span>-\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1<\/span>-)<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;throw&nbsp;(verb stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21<\/span>-\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f11<\/span>-)<\/p>\n<p>Observe that the inflection of these verbs in the present middle share the following characteristics:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In the ACTIVE VOICE, these verbs end their present tense stems &nbsp;in a LONG&nbsp;VOWEL in the singular and a SHORT VOWEL&nbsp;in the plural forms.&nbsp;In the MIDDLE VOICE, these verbs end their stems in a SHORT VOWEL in both singular and plural.<\/li>\n<li>To this stem is added the ATHEMATIC&nbsp;MIDDLE VOICE personal endings.<\/li>\n<li>The INTERVOCALIC SIGMA found in the 2nd person singular does NOT drop&nbsp;(S 744).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 123)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 145)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 134)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9 <\/span>(S 777)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Middle Future Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Some verbs that are regularly ACTIVE&nbsp;in the PRESENT TENSE&nbsp;become MIDDLE&nbsp;in the FUTURE TENSE. The challenge of conveying middle meaning in the future of these verbs is complex, and a topic reserved for advanced study. A&nbsp;few tendencies, however, may be noted (S 805-806):<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>They often form their present tense stem with &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>&#8211; or &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03ba<\/span>-.<\/li>\n<li>They often denote the activities of the physical organs or senses (voice, sight, hearing, smell, touch\u2026)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Note the following verbs from previous&nbsp;vocabulary that have MIDDLE&nbsp;FUTURES.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c9, \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> hear<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4<\/span>-) miss, make a mistake<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03bd\u1fc4\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>-) die<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, \u03b2\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b7<\/span>-) walk, come, go<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03c9, \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> see, look (at)<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9, \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>-) know, learn, judge, think<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af, \u1f14\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c3<\/span>-) be<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2<\/span>-\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b7\u03b2<\/span>-) take, grab; receive, get<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03b8<\/span>-) learn, ascertain<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03af\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b9<\/span>-) drink<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03c9, \u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> flee, run away, avoid, shun<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Putting it all together, the Future, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;<em>take<\/em> (verb stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2<\/span>-\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b7\u03b2<\/span>-) would appear as follows:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\/\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Another important verb, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> <em>to be<\/em>, forms its future in the middle voice. Recall that the verb stem for <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c3<\/span>-. To this stem is added a thematic vowel and the middle personal endings. The result is a Future Indicative that inflects as follows&nbsp;(S 768; GPH p. 181):<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Present Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Unorthodox Futures<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The following verbs all have futures, mostly in the middle voice, with variations or stem changes that are unpredictable or more complex than the patterns presented so far.&nbsp;These are all common and important verbs, however, and recognizing these unusual forms is essential to reading Greek.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> come, go<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c3\u03b8\u03af\u03c9, \u03c6\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> eat<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9, \u1f15\u03be\u03c9<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> have, hold, be<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03c9<\/span> provide<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41\u03c1\u03ac\u03c9, \u1f44\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> see<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> suffer, experience<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> fall<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9, \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> sail<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> learn, hear, inquire<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9, \u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> give birth<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> happen, meet<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9, \u03bf\u1f34\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> carry, bear, endure<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03c3\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;spread, differ<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> benefit, profit<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2013 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u2013<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key&nbsp;Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>MIDDLE VOICE OF&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>,&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/li>\n<li>MIDDLE&nbsp;FUTURE VERBS<\/li>\n<li>UNORTHODOX FUTURES<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Middle Futures:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c9, \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 hear<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4-) miss, make a mistake<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03bd\u1fc4\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd-) die<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, \u03b2\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03b2\u03b7-) walk, come, go<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03c9, \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 see, look (at)<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9, \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9-) know, learn, judge, think<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af, \u1f14\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u1f10\u03c3-) be<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2-\/\u03bb\u03b7\u03b2-) take, grab; receive, get<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03bc\u03b1\u03b8-) learn, ascertain<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03af\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03c0\u03b9-) drink<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03c9, \u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 flee, run away, avoid, shun<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Unorthodox Futures:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u1f14\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 come, go<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u1f10\u03c3\u03b8\u03af\u03c9, \u03c6\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 eat<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9, \u1f15\u03be\u03c9 or \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 have, hold, be<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03c9 provide<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u1f41\u03c1\u03ac\u03c9, \u1f44\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 see<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 suffer, experience<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 fall<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9, \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 and \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 sail<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 learn, hear, inquire<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9, \u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 give birth<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 happen, meet<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9, \u03bf\u1f34\u03c3\u03c9 carry, bear, endure<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03c3\u03c9&nbsp;spread, differ<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 benefit, profit<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>I. Memorize the vocabulary.<\/p>\n<p>II. Translate into the appropriate inflected Greek verb the following:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>he will be<\/li>\n<li>you will experience<\/li>\n<li>we will carry\/bear<\/li>\n<li>you all will walk<\/li>\n<li>they will know<\/li>\n<li>you (sg.) will learn<\/li>\n<li>it will differ<\/li>\n<li>we will&nbsp;give<\/li>\n<li>they will hear<\/li>\n<li>you all will eat<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-114","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/114","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/114\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":115,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/114\/revisions\/115"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/114\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=114"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=114"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=114"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=114"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}