{"id":129,"date":"2017-02-22T17:14:14","date_gmt":"2017-02-22T17:14:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/42-indirect-discourse\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:33","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:33","slug":"42-indirect-discourse","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/42-indirect-discourse\/","title":{"rendered":"Infinitives and Indirect Statement"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_1166\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"431\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/02\/i-3542.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-128\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/03\/i-3542.jpeg\" alt=\"2014.04.0119\" width=\"431\" height=\"1024\"><\/a> Inscribed fragment of a Herm. Head is missing, but traces of a beard and philosopher's cloak remain. Two epigrams are inscribed in honor of Iamblichos, a philosopher and benefactor of Athens. 4th c. A.D. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Infinitives<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The INFINITIVE is a common mood in Greek, and appears in almost any paragraph of Greek that you will read. Before we discuss a few of the common uses of the infinitive, let us review some concepts.<\/p>\n<p>FINITE VERBS are verbs that are limited or defined by their personal endings. In other words, if a given verb form has an ending that indicates person&nbsp;and number, it is FINITE (S 357).<\/p>\n<p>INFINITIVES, on the other hand, are not limited by&nbsp;person and number. While they share some attributes with finite verbs \u2013 for example,&nbsp;they&nbsp;can be transitive or intransitive, and take direct and indirect objects \u2013 infinitives regularly function not as verbs, <em>per se<\/em>, but as SUBSTANTIVES.<\/p>\n<p>A SUBSTANTIVE is any word&nbsp;or phrase&nbsp;that serves as a noun in a sentence. In English, for example, the words <em>good<\/em>, <em>bad<\/em>, and <em>ugly<\/em> are all adjectives. However, these adjectives&nbsp;can also be used SUBSTANTIVELY in phrases such as <em>The good, the bad, and the ugly<\/em>.&nbsp;Since infinitives most often serve&nbsp;as substantives, they are sometimes referred to&nbsp;as VERBAL NOUNS (S 357).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Complementary Infinitive<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Most of the infinitives that we have encountered in our readings so far have been COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVES. These infinitives are often described as completing&nbsp;the meaning of&nbsp;verbs of&nbsp;<em>ability, desire, intention, will<\/em>, and the like. This is a fine and sensible definition. But note also that some complementary infinitives are in reality substantives, serving essentially&nbsp;as the DIRECT OBJECT&nbsp;of&nbsp;finite&nbsp;verbs.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/span> <em>The rulers want to make peace.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9.<\/span> <em>She wants to free my horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f51\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>. <em>We are able to see you all.&nbsp;<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>Here the&nbsp;infinitive is not&nbsp;a direct object of the verb, but functions along the lines of an&nbsp;ACCUSATIVE OF RESPECT (S 1600). The infinitive, in other words, expresses the <em>respect<\/em> <em>to which<\/em> the ability (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>) is true. We discuss this use of the accusative in more detail later.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Articular Infinitive<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>English, as well as other languages such as Latin, has another verbal noun form called the GERUND. Like infinitives, gerunds function much like nouns do, including serving as subjects or objects of a verb, or as objects of a preposition. To form this part of speech, English adds -<em>ing<\/em> to a verb. Note the following examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Traveling is a great experience.<\/em> (Gerund as subject)<\/li>\n<li><em>I love farming the land.<\/em> (Gerund as object of verb)<\/li>\n<li><em>My style of cooking is simple.<\/em> (Gerund as object of a preposition)<\/li>\n<li><em>She was arrested for speeding.<\/em> (Gerund as object of a preposition)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Unlike English, Greek has no separate form for the gerund. Instead, Greek uses the ARTICULAR INFINITIVE, so named because an article accompanies the infinitive (S 2025-2030). For this construction, note the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The article is always NEUTER SINGULAR.<\/li>\n<li>The article is occasionally omitted if the infinitive is being used in the NOMINATIVE or ACCUSATIVE case.<\/li>\n<li>The article is never omitted if the infinitive is being used in the GENITIVE or DATIVE case.<\/li>\n<li>Objects of the infinitive are often placed between the article and the infinitive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f78 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd&nbsp;\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd.<\/span> <em>To have\/having wisdom is good.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd.<\/span> <em>To have\/having wisdom is good.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>\u2026<em> Instead of speaking to him\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b5\u1f56 \u03b6\u1fc6\u03bd<\/span> <em>towards\/with regards to living well<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03c2 \u03b4\u2019 \u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b6\u1fc6\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd,&nbsp;\u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b6\u1fc6\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9;<\/span> <em>Who knows if to live is to be dead, and to be dead is thought to live below? <\/em>Euripides Fr. 638.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2&nbsp;\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6&nbsp;\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f26\u03bd \u1f41 \u1fec\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u1fc6\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2.<\/span> <em>So, for the purpose of ruling and being the greatest of all, the Roman people were a servant of excellence and the good.<\/em> Plutarch <em>Aem<\/em>. 11.4<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f41 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41 \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f51\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>\u2026 <em>Just as the builder is with regards to creating a house and the doctor with regards to creating health<\/em>\u2026&nbsp;Aristotle, <em>Top.<\/em>&nbsp;5.7<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Indirect Statement<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Indirect Statement in English<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>An INDIRECT STATEMENT (sometimes called INDIRECT DISCOURSE) is a subordinate clause&nbsp;that is introduced by a verb of mental action, such as&nbsp;<em>saying<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>thinking<\/em>, and&nbsp;<em>perceiving<\/em>. In this construction, the direct statement \u2013 e.g. \u201cthe child is here\u201d \u2013 is&nbsp;expressed indirectly in sentences such as \u201c<em>I believe<\/em>&nbsp;that the child is here,\u201d or \u201c<em>He says<\/em>&nbsp;that the child is here.\u201d English has two&nbsp;main ways to express indirect statements.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A subordinate clause introduced by&nbsp;<em>that<\/em><\/li>\n<li>An infinitive phrase<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The&nbsp;construction used depends upon the verb of&nbsp;mental activity\u2013&nbsp;<em>saying<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>thinking<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>perceiving \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>that introduces the indirect statement.<\/p>\n<p>For example, the verbs <em>say<\/em> and <em>think<\/em> are usually followed by a SUBORDINATE CLAUSE introduced by <em>that<\/em>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>He said that she wanted to free his horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>We think that we'll be able to see you all.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Other mental action verbs, such as <em>order<\/em>, <em>beg<\/em>, <em>remind<\/em>, and <em>advise<\/em>, take an INFINITIVE PHRASE in English. These infinitive phrases consists of 1). An infinitive; 2). The subject or agent&nbsp;of the infinitive; and 3). Any other words or phrases that modify the action of the infinitive phrase, such as the direct object of a transitive infinitive or a prepositional phrase.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>I begged her&nbsp;to free my&nbsp;horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I order you to free my horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I am reminding&nbsp;you to go.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I advised the rulers to make peace in this land.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Notice that the&nbsp;entire INFINITIVE PHRASE&nbsp;functions essentially as the DIRECT OBJECT&nbsp;of these verbs of mental action: <em>I order <\/em><em>this<\/em>, namely, <em>you to free my horses<\/em>. In some ways, just as COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVES complement certain verbs, we can think of these INFINITIVE PHRASES&nbsp;as complementing certain mental&nbsp;verbs (S 1981).<\/p>\n<p>Note&nbsp;also that the&nbsp;infinitive phrase itself often has&nbsp;two DIRECT OBJECTS. For example, in the sentence&nbsp;<em>I begged her&nbsp;to free my&nbsp;horses<\/em>, both the subject of the infinitive (<em>her<\/em>)<em>&nbsp;<\/em>and the direct object of the infinitive&nbsp;(<em>the<\/em> <em>horses<\/em>) are&nbsp;DIRECT OBJECTS.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Greek Subordinate Clause<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Like English, Greek most often expresses indirect statement through either a subordinate clause or by an infinitive phrase. For example, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> often&nbsp;take a subordinate clause construction. Other verbs of saying, such as <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af<\/span>, and most&nbsp;verbs of thinking, such as&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03c9<\/span>, often take the infinitive phrase. Some verbs, such as <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>, take either construction.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">If the subordinate clause construction is used, it is introduced by either&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f45\u03c4\u03b9<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f61\u03c2<\/span>, two words that we already encountered as conjunctions meaning <em>because<\/em> and <em>as<\/em>, respectively. When used to introduce an indirect statement, however, both are translated as <em>that&nbsp;<\/em>(S 2577). For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1<\/span>: <em>You all are giving the water.<\/em> (direct statement)<\/li>\n<li class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1<\/span>: <em>He is saying that you are giving the water.<\/em> (indirect statement)<\/li>\n<li class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1<\/span>: <em>He knows that you are giving the water<\/em>. (indirect statement)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Greek Infinitive Phrase<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For indirect statements that take an infinitive phrase, note&nbsp;the following similarities&nbsp;and differences between how Greek and English handles this construction:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Usually, the Greek SUBJECT&nbsp;of the infinitive is a direct object, and rendered in the ACCUSATIVE case. This is called the&nbsp;SUBJECT ACCUSATIVE of the infinitive.<\/li>\n<li>However (!), if the SUBJECT of the infinitive happens to be the SAME SUBJECT&nbsp;as the main verb&nbsp;that introduces the infinitive phrase, Greek either LEAVES OUT&nbsp;the subject of the infinitive, or renders it in the NOMINATIVE&nbsp;for emphasis.<\/li>\n<li>Direct objects of a TRANSITIVE infinitive are also&nbsp;in the ACCUSATIVE. To avoid potential confusion, the SUBJECT ACCUSATIVE usually precedes any other accusatives in the infinitive phrase.<\/li>\n<li>The INFINITIVE&nbsp;is usually (but not always!) the last word of the phrase.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Let us look at some examples.<\/p>\n<p>Direct: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>. <em>She is writing the book.<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;\u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>. <em>He thinks that she is writing the book.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>. <em>She&nbsp;thinks that she is writing the book.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u1f74&nbsp;\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7&nbsp;\u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>. <em>The woman&nbsp;<\/em>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21&nbsp;\u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae<\/span>)<em> thinks that she <\/em>(!)<em> is writing the book.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2&nbsp;\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9.<\/span> <em>He says that she is writing the book.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9&nbsp;\u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>. <em>He hears that she is writing the book.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9&nbsp;\u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>. <em>He hears&nbsp;that she is writing the book.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Direct:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9.<\/span>&nbsp;<em>She wants to free my horses.<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>. <em>He thinks that&nbsp;she wants to free my horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>. <em>She&nbsp;thinks that she wants to free my horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9&nbsp;\u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>. <em>She&nbsp;thinks that she (!) wants to free my horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2&nbsp;\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9.<\/span><em>&nbsp;He says that she wants to free my horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>. <em>He hears that she wants to free my horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9&nbsp;\u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>. <em>He hears&nbsp;that she wants to free my horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Direct: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2.&nbsp;<\/span><em>He is a poet.<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7&nbsp;\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9&nbsp;\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd<\/span>. <em>She&nbsp;thinks that he&nbsp;is a poet.<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>Why is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;in the accusative?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2<\/span>. <em>He&nbsp;thinks that he is a poet.<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>Why is&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2<\/span> in the nominative?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2&nbsp;\u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>. <em>He&nbsp;thinks that&nbsp;he <\/em>(!)<em> is a poet.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2&nbsp;\u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2.<\/span>&nbsp;<em>She says that he is a poet.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9&nbsp;\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd<\/span>. <em>She&nbsp;hears that he is a poet.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9&nbsp;\u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2&nbsp;\u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>. <em>She&nbsp;hears that&nbsp;he is a poet.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2>Until\/Before<\/h2>\n<p>The conjunction <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03bd<\/span> means <em>until<\/em> or <em>before<\/em>. To distinguish between the two meanings, Greek uses two different constructions.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Until<\/em>: the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03bd<\/span> clause takes a FINITE verb.\n<ul>\n<li>If the verb is in the indicative, it is often in the AORIST tense, which we discuss shortly (S 2441).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><em>Before<\/em>: the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03bd<\/span> clause takes an INFINITIVE PHRASE (S 2453).\n<ul>\n<li>Much like indirect statements, the subject of the infinitive phrase \u2013 if different from the subject of the main clause \u2013 is in the accusative.<\/li>\n<li>Also like indirect statements, if the subject of the infinitive phrase is the same as that of the main clause, it is usually left out of the&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03bd<\/span> clause. If the subject is included for emphasis, it is in the nominative case.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd.<\/span> <em>You know the truth even before I speak.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f14\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>\u00b7 <em>For the ancients never even used to drink water before eating<\/em> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd<\/span>).&nbsp;Plutarch&nbsp;<em>Quaes. Conv.<\/em> 8.9.3<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">O\u1f50\u03ba \u1f30\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f24\u03b8\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5, \u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u1f21 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u1f74 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5.<\/span> <em>He was unwilling to go, until his wife persuaded<\/em> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5<\/span>) <em>him<\/em>. <span class=\"align-right\">Xenophon&nbsp;<em>Anabasis<\/em> 1.2.26<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03a4\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u1fb4 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>\u2026<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03ba\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5<\/span>\u2026 <em>Before he himself was in Tegea, he was ordering<\/em>\u2026 Xenophon <em>Hellenica<\/em> 5.4.37<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">- \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 -<\/p>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>FINITE VERBS<\/li>\n<li>SUBSTANTIVES<\/li>\n<li>COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVES<\/li>\n<li>ARTICULAR INFINITIVES<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">INDIRECT STATEMENT: SUBORDINATE CLAUSE CONSTRUCTION<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">INDIRECT STATEMENT: INFINITIVE PHRASE CONSTRUCTION<\/li>\n<li>SUBJECT ACCUSATIVE<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03bd<\/span>:&nbsp;INFINITIVE PHRASE CONSTRUCTION<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>\u0399.&nbsp;Translate each of the following sentences&nbsp;into English. Be sure to watch for tenses of the infinitive, and observe the clues that the Greek word order gives.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u1f41 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u1f74\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03bf\u1f31&nbsp;\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u1ff6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9&nbsp;\u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u1ff3 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9.<\/li>\n<li>\u1f41 \u1f04\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u1f21\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f25\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u1f78\u03bd&nbsp;\u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd&nbsp;\u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u1f78\u03bd&nbsp;\u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9.<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u1f50 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u1f45\u03bc\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bd\u03b5\u1f7c\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc7&nbsp;\u1f41\u03b4\u1ff7&nbsp;\u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9.<\/li>\n<li>\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9.<\/li>\n<li>\u1f41 \u03c5\u1f30\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1166\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1166\" style=\"width: 431px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/02\/i-3542.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-128\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/03\/i-3542.jpeg\" alt=\"2014.04.0119\" width=\"431\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/03\/i-3542.jpeg 431w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/03\/i-3542-126x300.jpeg 126w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/03\/i-3542-65x154.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/03\/i-3542-225x535.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/03\/i-3542-350x832.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1166\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inscribed fragment of a Herm. Head is missing, but traces of a beard and philosopher&#8217;s cloak remain. Two epigrams are inscribed in honor of Iamblichos, a philosopher and benefactor of Athens. 4th c. A.D. Athenian Agora Excavations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Infinitives<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The INFINITIVE is a common mood in Greek, and appears in almost any paragraph of Greek that you will read. Before we discuss a few of the common uses of the infinitive, let us review some concepts.<\/p>\n<p>FINITE VERBS are verbs that are limited or defined by their personal endings. In other words, if a given verb form has an ending that indicates person&nbsp;and number, it is FINITE (S 357).<\/p>\n<p>INFINITIVES, on the other hand, are not limited by&nbsp;person and number. While they share some attributes with finite verbs \u2013 for example,&nbsp;they&nbsp;can be transitive or intransitive, and take direct and indirect objects \u2013 infinitives regularly function not as verbs, <em>per se<\/em>, but as SUBSTANTIVES.<\/p>\n<p>A SUBSTANTIVE is any word&nbsp;or phrase&nbsp;that serves as a noun in a sentence. In English, for example, the words <em>good<\/em>, <em>bad<\/em>, and <em>ugly<\/em> are all adjectives. However, these adjectives&nbsp;can also be used SUBSTANTIVELY in phrases such as <em>The good, the bad, and the ugly<\/em>.&nbsp;Since infinitives most often serve&nbsp;as substantives, they are sometimes referred to&nbsp;as VERBAL NOUNS (S 357).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Complementary Infinitive<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Most of the infinitives that we have encountered in our readings so far have been COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVES. These infinitives are often described as completing&nbsp;the meaning of&nbsp;verbs of&nbsp;<em>ability, desire, intention, will<\/em>, and the like. This is a fine and sensible definition. But note also that some complementary infinitives are in reality substantives, serving essentially&nbsp;as the DIRECT OBJECT&nbsp;of&nbsp;finite&nbsp;verbs.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/span> <em>The rulers want to make peace.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9.<\/span> <em>She wants to free my horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f51\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>. <em>We are able to see you all.&nbsp;<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>Here the&nbsp;infinitive is not&nbsp;a direct object of the verb, but functions along the lines of an&nbsp;ACCUSATIVE OF RESPECT (S 1600). The infinitive, in other words, expresses the <em>respect<\/em> <em>to which<\/em> the ability (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>) is true. We discuss this use of the accusative in more detail later.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Articular Infinitive<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>English, as well as other languages such as Latin, has another verbal noun form called the GERUND. Like infinitives, gerunds function much like nouns do, including serving as subjects or objects of a verb, or as objects of a preposition. To form this part of speech, English adds &#8211;<em>ing<\/em> to a verb. Note the following examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Traveling is a great experience.<\/em> (Gerund as subject)<\/li>\n<li><em>I love farming the land.<\/em> (Gerund as object of verb)<\/li>\n<li><em>My style of cooking is simple.<\/em> (Gerund as object of a preposition)<\/li>\n<li><em>She was arrested for speeding.<\/em> (Gerund as object of a preposition)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Unlike English, Greek has no separate form for the gerund. Instead, Greek uses the ARTICULAR INFINITIVE, so named because an article accompanies the infinitive (S 2025-2030). For this construction, note the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The article is always NEUTER SINGULAR.<\/li>\n<li>The article is occasionally omitted if the infinitive is being used in the NOMINATIVE or ACCUSATIVE case.<\/li>\n<li>The article is never omitted if the infinitive is being used in the GENITIVE or DATIVE case.<\/li>\n<li>Objects of the infinitive are often placed between the article and the infinitive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f78 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd&nbsp;\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd.<\/span> <em>To have\/having wisdom is good.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd.<\/span> <em>To have\/having wisdom is good.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>\u2026<em> Instead of speaking to him\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b5\u1f56 \u03b6\u1fc6\u03bd<\/span> <em>towards\/with regards to living well<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03c2 \u03b4\u2019 \u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b6\u1fc6\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd,&nbsp;\u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b6\u1fc6\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9;<\/span> <em>Who knows if to live is to be dead, and to be dead is thought to live below? <\/em>Euripides Fr. 638.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2&nbsp;\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6&nbsp;\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f26\u03bd \u1f41 \u1fec\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u1fc6\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2.<\/span> <em>So, for the purpose of ruling and being the greatest of all, the Roman people were a servant of excellence and the good.<\/em> Plutarch <em>Aem<\/em>. 11.4<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f41 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41 \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f51\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>\u2026 <em>Just as the builder is with regards to creating a house and the doctor with regards to creating health<\/em>\u2026&nbsp;Aristotle, <em>Top.<\/em>&nbsp;5.7<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Indirect Statement<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Indirect Statement in English<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>An INDIRECT STATEMENT (sometimes called INDIRECT DISCOURSE) is a subordinate clause&nbsp;that is introduced by a verb of mental action, such as&nbsp;<em>saying<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>thinking<\/em>, and&nbsp;<em>perceiving<\/em>. In this construction, the direct statement \u2013 e.g. \u201cthe child is here\u201d \u2013 is&nbsp;expressed indirectly in sentences such as \u201c<em>I believe<\/em>&nbsp;that the child is here,\u201d or \u201c<em>He says<\/em>&nbsp;that the child is here.\u201d English has two&nbsp;main ways to express indirect statements.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A subordinate clause introduced by&nbsp;<em>that<\/em><\/li>\n<li>An infinitive phrase<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The&nbsp;construction used depends upon the verb of&nbsp;mental activity\u2013&nbsp;<em>saying<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>thinking<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>perceiving \u2013&nbsp;<\/em>that introduces the indirect statement.<\/p>\n<p>For example, the verbs <em>say<\/em> and <em>think<\/em> are usually followed by a SUBORDINATE CLAUSE introduced by <em>that<\/em>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>He said that she wanted to free his horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>We think that we&#8217;ll be able to see you all.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Other mental action verbs, such as <em>order<\/em>, <em>beg<\/em>, <em>remind<\/em>, and <em>advise<\/em>, take an INFINITIVE PHRASE in English. These infinitive phrases consists of 1). An infinitive; 2). The subject or agent&nbsp;of the infinitive; and 3). Any other words or phrases that modify the action of the infinitive phrase, such as the direct object of a transitive infinitive or a prepositional phrase.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>I begged her&nbsp;to free my&nbsp;horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I order you to free my horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I am reminding&nbsp;you to go.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I advised the rulers to make peace in this land.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Notice that the&nbsp;entire INFINITIVE PHRASE&nbsp;functions essentially as the DIRECT OBJECT&nbsp;of these verbs of mental action: <em>I order <\/em><em>this<\/em>, namely, <em>you to free my horses<\/em>. In some ways, just as COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVES complement certain verbs, we can think of these INFINITIVE PHRASES&nbsp;as complementing certain mental&nbsp;verbs (S 1981).<\/p>\n<p>Note&nbsp;also that the&nbsp;infinitive phrase itself often has&nbsp;two DIRECT OBJECTS. For example, in the sentence&nbsp;<em>I begged her&nbsp;to free my&nbsp;horses<\/em>, both the subject of the infinitive (<em>her<\/em>)<em>&nbsp;<\/em>and the direct object of the infinitive&nbsp;(<em>the<\/em> <em>horses<\/em>) are&nbsp;DIRECT OBJECTS.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Greek Subordinate Clause<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Like English, Greek most often expresses indirect statement through either a subordinate clause or by an infinitive phrase. For example, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> often&nbsp;take a subordinate clause construction. Other verbs of saying, such as <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af<\/span>, and most&nbsp;verbs of thinking, such as&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03c9<\/span>, often take the infinitive phrase. Some verbs, such as <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>, take either construction.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">If the subordinate clause construction is used, it is introduced by either&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f45\u03c4\u03b9<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f61\u03c2<\/span>, two words that we already encountered as conjunctions meaning <em>because<\/em> and <em>as<\/em>, respectively. When used to introduce an indirect statement, however, both are translated as <em>that&nbsp;<\/em>(S 2577). For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1<\/span>: <em>You all are giving the water.<\/em> (direct statement)<\/li>\n<li class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1<\/span>: <em>He is saying that you are giving the water.<\/em> (indirect statement)<\/li>\n<li class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1<\/span>: <em>He knows that you are giving the water<\/em>. (indirect statement)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Greek Infinitive Phrase<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For indirect statements that take an infinitive phrase, note&nbsp;the following similarities&nbsp;and differences between how Greek and English handles this construction:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Usually, the Greek SUBJECT&nbsp;of the infinitive is a direct object, and rendered in the ACCUSATIVE case. This is called the&nbsp;SUBJECT ACCUSATIVE of the infinitive.<\/li>\n<li>However (!), if the SUBJECT of the infinitive happens to be the SAME SUBJECT&nbsp;as the main verb&nbsp;that introduces the infinitive phrase, Greek either LEAVES OUT&nbsp;the subject of the infinitive, or renders it in the NOMINATIVE&nbsp;for emphasis.<\/li>\n<li>Direct objects of a TRANSITIVE infinitive are also&nbsp;in the ACCUSATIVE. To avoid potential confusion, the SUBJECT ACCUSATIVE usually precedes any other accusatives in the infinitive phrase.<\/li>\n<li>The INFINITIVE&nbsp;is usually (but not always!) the last word of the phrase.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Let us look at some examples.<\/p>\n<p>Direct: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>. <em>She is writing the book.<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;\u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>. <em>He thinks that she is writing the book.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>. <em>She&nbsp;thinks that she is writing the book.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u1f74&nbsp;\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7&nbsp;\u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>. <em>The woman&nbsp;<\/em>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21&nbsp;\u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae<\/span>)<em> thinks that she <\/em>(!)<em> is writing the book.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2&nbsp;\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9.<\/span> <em>He says that she is writing the book.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9&nbsp;\u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>. <em>He hears that she is writing the book.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9&nbsp;\u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>. <em>He hears&nbsp;that she is writing the book.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Direct:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9.<\/span>&nbsp;<em>She wants to free my horses.<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>. <em>He thinks that&nbsp;she wants to free my horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>. <em>She&nbsp;thinks that she wants to free my horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9&nbsp;\u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>. <em>She&nbsp;thinks that she (!) wants to free my horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2&nbsp;\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9.<\/span><em>&nbsp;He says that she wants to free my horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>. <em>He hears that she wants to free my horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9&nbsp;\u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>. <em>He hears&nbsp;that she wants to free my horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Direct: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2.&nbsp;<\/span><em>He is a poet.<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7&nbsp;\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9&nbsp;\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd<\/span>. <em>She&nbsp;thinks that he&nbsp;is a poet.<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>Why is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;in the accusative?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2<\/span>. <em>He&nbsp;thinks that he is a poet.<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>Why is&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2<\/span> in the nominative?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2&nbsp;\u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>. <em>He&nbsp;thinks that&nbsp;he <\/em>(!)<em> is a poet.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2&nbsp;\u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2.<\/span>&nbsp;<em>She says that he is a poet.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9&nbsp;\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd<\/span>. <em>She&nbsp;hears that he is a poet.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9&nbsp;\u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2&nbsp;\u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>. <em>She&nbsp;hears that&nbsp;he is a poet.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Until\/Before<\/h2>\n<p>The conjunction <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03bd<\/span> means <em>until<\/em> or <em>before<\/em>. To distinguish between the two meanings, Greek uses two different constructions.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Until<\/em>: the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03bd<\/span> clause takes a FINITE verb.\n<ul>\n<li>If the verb is in the indicative, it is often in the AORIST tense, which we discuss shortly (S 2441).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><em>Before<\/em>: the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03bd<\/span> clause takes an INFINITIVE PHRASE (S 2453).\n<ul>\n<li>Much like indirect statements, the subject of the infinitive phrase \u2013 if different from the subject of the main clause \u2013 is in the accusative.<\/li>\n<li>Also like indirect statements, if the subject of the infinitive phrase is the same as that of the main clause, it is usually left out of the&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03bd<\/span> clause. If the subject is included for emphasis, it is in the nominative case.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd.<\/span> <em>You know the truth even before I speak.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f14\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>\u00b7 <em>For the ancients never even used to drink water before eating<\/em> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd<\/span>).&nbsp;Plutarch&nbsp;<em>Quaes. Conv.<\/em> 8.9.3<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">O\u1f50\u03ba \u1f30\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f24\u03b8\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5, \u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u1f21 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u1f74 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5.<\/span> <em>He was unwilling to go, until his wife persuaded<\/em> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5<\/span>) <em>him<\/em>. <span class=\"align-right\">Xenophon&nbsp;<em>Anabasis<\/em> 1.2.26<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03a4\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u1fb4 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>\u2026<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03ba\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5<\/span>\u2026 <em>Before he himself was in Tegea, he was ordering<\/em>\u2026 Xenophon <em>Hellenica<\/em> 5.4.37<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211; \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 &#8211;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>FINITE VERBS<\/li>\n<li>SUBSTANTIVES<\/li>\n<li>COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVES<\/li>\n<li>ARTICULAR INFINITIVES<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">INDIRECT STATEMENT: SUBORDINATE CLAUSE CONSTRUCTION<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">INDIRECT STATEMENT: INFINITIVE PHRASE CONSTRUCTION<\/li>\n<li>SUBJECT ACCUSATIVE<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03bd<\/span>:&nbsp;INFINITIVE PHRASE CONSTRUCTION<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>\u0399.&nbsp;Translate each of the following sentences&nbsp;into English. Be sure to watch for tenses of the infinitive, and observe the clues that the Greek word order gives.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u1f41 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u1f74\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03bf\u1f31&nbsp;\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u1ff6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9&nbsp;\u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u1ff3 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9.<\/li>\n<li>\u1f41 \u1f04\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u1f21\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f25\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u1f78\u03bd&nbsp;\u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd&nbsp;\u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u1f78\u03bd&nbsp;\u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9.<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u1f50 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f54\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u1f45\u03bc\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bd\u03b5\u1f7c\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc7&nbsp;\u1f41\u03b4\u1ff7&nbsp;\u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9.<\/li>\n<li>\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9.<\/li>\n<li>\u1f41 \u03c5\u1f30\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-129","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/129","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/129\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":130,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/129\/revisions\/130"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/129\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=129"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=129"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=129"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=129"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}