{"id":137,"date":"2016-06-13T18:34:53","date_gmt":"2016-06-13T18:34:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/45-imperfect-tense\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:36","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:36","slug":"45-imperfect-tense","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/45-imperfect-tense\/","title":{"rendered":"The Imperfect Tense"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_1145\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/02\/image-2.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-135\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/image-2.jpeg\" alt=\"2013.04.0169\" width=\"1024\" height=\"740\"><\/a> Stamped handle of Rhodian amphora, detailing the year (\u1f18\u03c0\u1f76 \u039a\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5) and month (\u0392\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) that the vessel was made. Hellenistic Period. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Primary and Secondary Tenses<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The seven tenses of ancient Greek can be divided into two inflection families: PRIMARY TENSES and SECONDARY TENSES (S 360). In general,&nbsp;PRIMARY TENSES refer to action in the PRESENT&nbsp;or FUTURE; SECONDARY TENSES refer to action in the PAST.<\/p>\n<p>One of the main&nbsp;distinctions between the inflection of PRIMARY and SECONDARY verbs are the personal endings that each uses. This is clear in&nbsp;the following chart, which shows&nbsp;the overall scheme of verb endings (pdf version here: <a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/03\/Greek-Verbs-master-list-of-endings.pdf\">Greek Verbs: Master List of Endings<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Here we&nbsp;can see that we&nbsp;have learned the three sets of PRIMARY ENDINGS&nbsp;(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> or -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>).&nbsp;Note the differences and similarities between these endings and the&nbsp;SECONDARY ENDINGS.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/03\/Master-List-of-Verb-Endings.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-136\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/Master-List-of-Verb-Endings.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1314\" height=\"939\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Imperfect Tense<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The first secondary tense that we are learning is the IMPERFECT. While it is among the most commonly used tenses of FINITE verbs, there is NO INFINITIVE form&nbsp;of the imperfect.<\/p>\n<p>There are three steps to forming this tense.<\/p>\n<p>1. In the Greek conception, the IMPERFECT&nbsp;tense is essentially the PRESENT&nbsp;tense shifted back into the past. In other words, the IMPERFECT was conceived of as&nbsp;a <em>state of existence<\/em>, or an <em>action that was still going on<\/em>&nbsp;in the past (S 1889). As a result,&nbsp;to form verbs in the IMPERFECT, Greek begins with the&nbsp;PRESENT TENSE STEM, not the verb stem.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5<\/span> = \u201cshow\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span> = \u201cloosen\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd<\/span> = \u201ctake\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>2. To the beginning of this&nbsp;stem is added&nbsp;the AUGMENT (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span>). This augment used to be a separate word that indicated&nbsp;that the verb was in the past. Gradually it became a prefix that signifies the past tense for&nbsp;indicative verbs.<\/p>\n<p>With the addition of the augment, we now have&nbsp;the IMPERFECT TENSE STEM.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;= \u201cshow\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;= \u201cloosen\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= \u201ctake\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3. SECONDARY personal endings are added to indicate person and number.&nbsp;As seen in the chart above, there&nbsp;are two sets of active&nbsp;secondary&nbsp;personal endings: those for&nbsp;athematic verbs (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> conjugation), and those for&nbsp;thematic verbs (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> conjugation).<\/p>\n<p>Observe&nbsp;that for the&nbsp;secondary endings of -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs,&nbsp;the 3rd person singular has no ending. This&nbsp;form simply stops&nbsp;with the ending of the verb\u2019s present stem.<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;= you (2nd person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b5&nbsp;<\/span>= y\u2019all (2nd person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd person sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd person pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note that&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs have nearly identical secondary&nbsp;endings as -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs. The main differences are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The addition of the thematic vowel<\/li>\n<li>1st person singular and 3rd person plural&nbsp;are identical.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;= you (2nd person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5&nbsp;<\/span>= y\u2019all (2nd person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5&nbsp;<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd person sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd person pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bringing It All Together\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(athematic) (GPH p. 157)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(thematic) (S 383; GPH p. 70)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 <\/span>(thematic)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>More<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> -\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>While the formation of imperfect tense is relatively straightforward, there are a handful of -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs that exhibit slight irregularities:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>give<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>put, make<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af <\/span><em>say<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>stand<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>throw<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> <em>be<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 124)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note that <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> uses -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>- in the singular rather than -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>-, as it does in the present tense (S 746b).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 146)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note that <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> uses -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>- in the 2nd and 3rd person singular rather than -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span>-, as it does in the present tense (S 746b).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af<\/span>&nbsp;(S 783; GPH p. 169)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03b7\u03c2 <\/span>or<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f14\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>This verb shows no irregularities!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Vowel Lengthening vs. Contractions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The remaining -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs on our list all begin with a vowel or diphthong. Note that if the verb stem begins with a SHORT vowel or DIPHTHONG, these vowel sounds DO NOT CONTRACT&nbsp;with the augment <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span>- (though see <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9<\/span>, below, for an exception).&nbsp;Rather, the augment LENGTHENS a short vowel, including the initial short vowel of diphthong! If the initial vowel is long \u2013 e.g. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03c9<\/span> sweeten \u2013 no lengthening occurs, since the vowel is already long.<\/p>\n<p>Observe the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> +&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7&nbsp;<\/span>(when&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;lengthens, its form becomes&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span>, not long<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b1<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span> = <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span> =&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span> =&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(this <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span> is long)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span> =<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;(this <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span> is long)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9<\/span> =<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u1fc3<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9<\/span> =&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1ff3<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fb3<\/span> =<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u1fc3<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5<\/span> =<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03b7\u03c5<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Note how this&nbsp;vowel lengthening affects our remaining -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 135)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>This verb has a long vowel augment, but it does not affect the way it the vowel is written, since long and short <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span> are written the same.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>As with&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, this&nbsp;verb has a long vowel augment, but it does not affect the way it the vowel is written.&nbsp;Notice also that, as with <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, this verb uses -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>- here in the 2nd and 3rd person singular rather than -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span>-, as it does in the present tense (S 746b).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af&nbsp;<\/span>(S 768; GPH p. 178)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26 <\/span>or<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f26\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The irregularities of the imperfect of<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>&nbsp;are many, and require memorization (S 771).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Contract&nbsp;Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Recall that the&nbsp;rules of vowel contraction operate in verbs when the stem ends in one of the short vowels <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>, or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span>. In the imperfect, this final vowel of the stem contracts with the thematic vowel of the secondary endings of -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs.<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9 <\/span>(S 385; GPH p. 111)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b1\u1f35\u03c1\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd <\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f95\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> \u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f91\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b1\u1f35\u03c1\u03b5\u03b5\u03c2 <\/span>\u2192<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">) \u1f95\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> \u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f91\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b1\u1f35\u03c1\u03b5\u03b5 <\/span>\u2192<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">) \u1f95\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b1\u1f35\u03c1\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd <\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f95\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 385; GPH p. 102)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f20\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f20\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c2 <\/span>\u2192<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">) \u1f20\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f20\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5 <\/span>\u2192<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">) \u1f20\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03bf\u03bd <\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f20\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 385; GPH p. 119)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f10\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f10\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03b5\u03c2 <\/span>\u2192<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">) \u1f10\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f10\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03b5&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">) \u1f10\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03bf\u03bd <\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f10\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9<\/span> is one of a handful of verbs in which the augment <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span>&nbsp;CONTRACTS with \u2013 rather than lengthens \u2013 the initial vowel&nbsp;of its tense&nbsp;stem (S 431):<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14-\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b5\u1f36\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b5\u1f34\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14-\u03b5\u03c7\u03b5\u03c2&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b5\u1f36\u03c7\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b5\u1f34\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14-\u03b5\u03c7\u03b5&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b5\u1f36\u03c7\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14-\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b5\u1f36\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Translation<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The&nbsp;IMPERFECT TENSE indicates an action in the past that&nbsp;was&nbsp;<em>ongoing<\/em>,&nbsp;or <em>used to take place<\/em> over a period of time.&nbsp;Think of it as a bit of video of an action from the past.&nbsp;Therefore, the imperfect is usually translated as&nbsp;<em>was\/were verbing,<\/em>&nbsp;<em>used to verb<\/em>, or&nbsp;<em>kept&nbsp;<\/em><i>verbing.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd<\/span> = <em>I was giving, I used to give, I kept giving<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span> = <em>they were giving, they used to give, they kept giving<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Vocabulary<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>As we know, verbs are listed alphabetically in a lexicon by their 1st person, singular, present, indicative, active form, usually with&nbsp;a -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>,&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>, or -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> ending, depending on the conjugation and voice of the verb.<\/p>\n<p>The imperfect is formed by such regular rules that they are not normally listed in the dictionary, and are not one of a Greek verbs principal parts. In order to look up the definition of a verb in the imperfect tense, you therefore need to be able to recognize and form the present tense form of the verb.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Prefixes<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Finally, note that the AUGMENT&nbsp;attaches to the beginning of the verb\u2019s present tense stem.&nbsp;Even if the verb is a compound with a prefix, the augment is normally added directly to the STEM, not the prefix. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1&nbsp;<\/span>+<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9 <\/span>=<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp; <em>she<\/em>&nbsp;<em>hands over, delivers<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;= <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;<em>she<\/em><em>&nbsp;was handing over, delivering<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;+&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> = <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>I&nbsp;add to<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;=&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;<em>I was adding to<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;+&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span> =&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span> <em>they are throwing into<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;+ <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd<\/span> =&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;<em>they were&nbsp;throwing into<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;+&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;=&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;<em>I am collecting<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;+ <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span> = <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span> <em>I was&nbsp;collecting<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">- \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 -<\/p>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>PRIMARY TENSES<\/li>\n<li>SECONDARY TENSES<\/li>\n<li>AUGMENT<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">AUGMENTING VERBS THAT BEGIN WITH A VOWEL<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">AUGMENTING VERBS WITH PREFIXES<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>\u0399. Conjugate in full&nbsp;the following verbs in the imperfect. Note that there is no infinitive.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0399\u0399.&nbsp;For the following verbs, determine the most likely form of the dictionary entry (i.e., the Present, Indicative, Active, 1st Person, Singular)<\/p>\n<p>e.g.: \u1f10\u03c6\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5: \u03c6\u03cd\u03c9<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f36\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f24\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f20\u03b8\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c6\u03b5\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0399I\u0399.&nbsp;For the following verbs, 1). Fill in the correct accent, 2). Change from the present tense to the imperfect tense, 3). Change to its opposite number (singular to plural, plural to singular). Watch the accents for any contract verbs! And remember the rules for augments with added to verbs with prefixes.<\/p>\n<p>e.g.: \u03c6\u03c5\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5: 1)&nbsp;\u03c6\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 &nbsp;2) \u1f10\u03c6\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 3) \u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03b5\u03c2<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1145\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1145\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/02\/image-2.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-135\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/image-2.jpeg\" alt=\"2013.04.0169\" width=\"1024\" height=\"740\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/image-2.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/image-2-300x217.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/image-2-768x555.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/image-2-65x47.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/image-2-225x163.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/image-2-350x253.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1145\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stamped handle of Rhodian amphora, detailing the year (\u1f18\u03c0\u1f76 \u039a\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5) and month (\u0392\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) that the vessel was made. Hellenistic Period. Athenian Agora Excavations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Primary and Secondary Tenses<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The seven tenses of ancient Greek can be divided into two inflection families: PRIMARY TENSES and SECONDARY TENSES (S 360). In general,&nbsp;PRIMARY TENSES refer to action in the PRESENT&nbsp;or FUTURE; SECONDARY TENSES refer to action in the PAST.<\/p>\n<p>One of the main&nbsp;distinctions between the inflection of PRIMARY and SECONDARY verbs are the personal endings that each uses. This is clear in&nbsp;the following chart, which shows&nbsp;the overall scheme of verb endings (pdf version here: <a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/03\/Greek-Verbs-master-list-of-endings.pdf\">Greek Verbs: Master List of Endings<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Here we&nbsp;can see that we&nbsp;have learned the three sets of PRIMARY ENDINGS&nbsp;(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> or &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>).&nbsp;Note the differences and similarities between these endings and the&nbsp;SECONDARY ENDINGS.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/03\/Master-List-of-Verb-Endings.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-136\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/Master-List-of-Verb-Endings.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1314\" height=\"939\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/Master-List-of-Verb-Endings.png 1314w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/Master-List-of-Verb-Endings-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/Master-List-of-Verb-Endings-768x549.png 768w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/Master-List-of-Verb-Endings-1024x732.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/Master-List-of-Verb-Endings-65x46.png 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/Master-List-of-Verb-Endings-225x161.png 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/Master-List-of-Verb-Endings-350x250.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1314px) 100vw, 1314px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Imperfect Tense<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The first secondary tense that we are learning is the IMPERFECT. While it is among the most commonly used tenses of FINITE verbs, there is NO INFINITIVE form&nbsp;of the imperfect.<\/p>\n<p>There are three steps to forming this tense.<\/p>\n<p>1. In the Greek conception, the IMPERFECT&nbsp;tense is essentially the PRESENT&nbsp;tense shifted back into the past. In other words, the IMPERFECT was conceived of as&nbsp;a <em>state of existence<\/em>, or an <em>action that was still going on<\/em>&nbsp;in the past (S 1889). As a result,&nbsp;to form verbs in the IMPERFECT, Greek begins with the&nbsp;PRESENT TENSE STEM, not the verb stem.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5<\/span> = \u201cshow\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span> = \u201cloosen\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd<\/span> = \u201ctake\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>2. To the beginning of this&nbsp;stem is added&nbsp;the AUGMENT (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span>). This augment used to be a separate word that indicated&nbsp;that the verb was in the past. Gradually it became a prefix that signifies the past tense for&nbsp;indicative verbs.<\/p>\n<p>With the addition of the augment, we now have&nbsp;the IMPERFECT TENSE STEM.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;= \u201cshow\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;= \u201cloosen\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= \u201ctake\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3. SECONDARY personal endings are added to indicate person and number.&nbsp;As seen in the chart above, there&nbsp;are two sets of active&nbsp;secondary&nbsp;personal endings: those for&nbsp;athematic verbs (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> conjugation), and those for&nbsp;thematic verbs (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> conjugation).<\/p>\n<p>Observe&nbsp;that for the&nbsp;secondary endings of &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs,&nbsp;the 3rd person singular has no ending. This&nbsp;form simply stops&nbsp;with the ending of the verb\u2019s present stem.<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;= you (2nd person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b5&nbsp;<\/span>= y\u2019all (2nd person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd person sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd person pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note that&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs have nearly identical secondary&nbsp;endings as &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs. The main differences are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The addition of the thematic vowel<\/li>\n<li>1st person singular and 3rd person plural&nbsp;are identical.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;= you (2nd person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5&nbsp;<\/span>= y\u2019all (2nd person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5&nbsp;<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd person sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd person pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bringing It All Together\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(athematic) (GPH p. 157)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(thematic) (S 383; GPH p. 70)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 <\/span>(thematic)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>More<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> -\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>While the formation of imperfect tense is relatively straightforward, there are a handful of &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs that exhibit slight irregularities:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>give<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>put, make<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af <\/span><em>say<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>stand<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>throw<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> <em>be<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 124)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note that <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> uses &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>&#8211; in the singular rather than &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>-, as it does in the present tense (S 746b).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 146)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note that <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> uses &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>&#8211; in the 2nd and 3rd person singular rather than &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span>-, as it does in the present tense (S 746b).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af<\/span>&nbsp;(S 783; GPH p. 169)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03b7\u03c2 <\/span>or<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f14\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>This verb shows no irregularities!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Vowel Lengthening vs. Contractions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The remaining &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs on our list all begin with a vowel or diphthong. Note that if the verb stem begins with a SHORT vowel or DIPHTHONG, these vowel sounds DO NOT CONTRACT&nbsp;with the augment <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span>&#8211; (though see <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9<\/span>, below, for an exception).&nbsp;Rather, the augment LENGTHENS a short vowel, including the initial short vowel of diphthong! If the initial vowel is long \u2013 e.g. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03c9<\/span> sweeten \u2013 no lengthening occurs, since the vowel is already long.<\/p>\n<p>Observe the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> +&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;&nbsp;=&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7&nbsp;<\/span>(when&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;lengthens, its form becomes&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span>, not long<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b1<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span> = <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span> =&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span> =&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(this <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span> is long)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span> =<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;(this <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span> is long)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9<\/span> =<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u1fc3<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9<\/span> =&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1ff3<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fb3<\/span> =<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u1fc3<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5<\/span> =<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03b7\u03c5<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Note how this&nbsp;vowel lengthening affects our remaining &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 135)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>This verb has a long vowel augment, but it does not affect the way it the vowel is written, since long and short <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span> are written the same.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>As with&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, this&nbsp;verb has a long vowel augment, but it does not affect the way it the vowel is written.&nbsp;Notice also that, as with <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, this verb uses &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>&#8211; here in the 2nd and 3rd person singular rather than &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span>-, as it does in the present tense (S 746b).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af&nbsp;<\/span>(S 768; GPH p. 178)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26 <\/span>or<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f26\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The irregularities of the imperfect of<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>&nbsp;are many, and require memorization (S 771).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Contract&nbsp;Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Recall that the&nbsp;rules of vowel contraction operate in verbs when the stem ends in one of the short vowels <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>, or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span>. In the imperfect, this final vowel of the stem contracts with the thematic vowel of the secondary endings of &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs.<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9 <\/span>(S 385; GPH p. 111)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b1\u1f35\u03c1\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd <\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f95\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> \u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f91\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b1\u1f35\u03c1\u03b5\u03b5\u03c2 <\/span>\u2192<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">) \u1f95\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> \u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f91\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b1\u1f35\u03c1\u03b5\u03b5 <\/span>\u2192<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">) \u1f95\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b1\u1f35\u03c1\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd <\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f95\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 385; GPH p. 102)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f20\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f20\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c2 <\/span>\u2192<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">) \u1f20\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f20\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5 <\/span>\u2192<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">) \u1f20\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03bf\u03bd <\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f20\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 385; GPH p. 119)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f10\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f10\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03b5\u03c2 <\/span>\u2192<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">) \u1f10\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f10\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03b5&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">) \u1f10\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03bf\u03bd <\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f10\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Imperfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9<\/span> is one of a handful of verbs in which the augment <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span>&nbsp;CONTRACTS with \u2013 rather than lengthens \u2013 the initial vowel&nbsp;of its tense&nbsp;stem (S 431):<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14-\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b5\u1f36\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b5\u1f34\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14-\u03b5\u03c7\u03b5\u03c2&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b5\u1f36\u03c7\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 38.59375px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10-\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b5\u1f34\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14-\u03b5\u03c7\u03b5&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b5\u1f36\u03c7\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14-\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b5\u1f36\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Translation<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The&nbsp;IMPERFECT TENSE indicates an action in the past that&nbsp;was&nbsp;<em>ongoing<\/em>,&nbsp;or <em>used to take place<\/em> over a period of time.&nbsp;Think of it as a bit of video of an action from the past.&nbsp;Therefore, the imperfect is usually translated as&nbsp;<em>was\/were verbing,<\/em>&nbsp;<em>used to verb<\/em>, or&nbsp;<em>kept&nbsp;<\/em><i>verbing.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd<\/span> = <em>I was giving, I used to give, I kept giving<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span> = <em>they were giving, they used to give, they kept giving<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Vocabulary<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>As we know, verbs are listed alphabetically in a lexicon by their 1st person, singular, present, indicative, active form, usually with&nbsp;a &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>,&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>, or &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> ending, depending on the conjugation and voice of the verb.<\/p>\n<p>The imperfect is formed by such regular rules that they are not normally listed in the dictionary, and are not one of a Greek verbs principal parts. In order to look up the definition of a verb in the imperfect tense, you therefore need to be able to recognize and form the present tense form of the verb.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Prefixes<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Finally, note that the AUGMENT&nbsp;attaches to the beginning of the verb\u2019s present tense stem.&nbsp;Even if the verb is a compound with a prefix, the augment is normally added directly to the STEM, not the prefix. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1&nbsp;<\/span>+<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9 <\/span>=<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp; <em>she<\/em>&nbsp;<em>hands over, delivers<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;= <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;<em>she<\/em><em>&nbsp;was handing over, delivering<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;+&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> = <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>I&nbsp;add to<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;=&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;<em>I was adding to<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;+&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span> =&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span> <em>they are throwing into<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;+ <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd<\/span> =&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;<em>they were&nbsp;throwing into<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;+&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;=&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;<em>I am collecting<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;+ <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span> = <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span> <em>I was&nbsp;collecting<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211; \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 &#8211;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>PRIMARY TENSES<\/li>\n<li>SECONDARY TENSES<\/li>\n<li>AUGMENT<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">AUGMENTING VERBS THAT BEGIN WITH A VOWEL<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">AUGMENTING VERBS WITH PREFIXES<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>\u0399. Conjugate in full&nbsp;the following verbs in the imperfect. Note that there is no infinitive.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0399\u0399.&nbsp;For the following verbs, determine the most likely form of the dictionary entry (i.e., the Present, Indicative, Active, 1st Person, Singular)<\/p>\n<p>e.g.: \u1f10\u03c6\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5: \u03c6\u03cd\u03c9<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f36\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f24\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f20\u03b8\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c6\u03b5\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0399I\u0399.&nbsp;For the following verbs, 1). Fill in the correct accent, 2). Change from the present tense to the imperfect tense, 3). Change to its opposite number (singular to plural, plural to singular). Watch the accents for any contract verbs! And remember the rules for augments with added to verbs with prefixes.<\/p>\n<p>e.g.: \u03c6\u03c5\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5: 1)&nbsp;\u03c6\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 &nbsp;2) \u1f10\u03c6\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 3) \u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03b5\u03c2<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-137","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/137","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/137\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":138,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/137\/revisions\/138"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/137\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=137"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=137"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=137"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=137"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}