{"id":159,"date":"2017-03-29T20:47:50","date_gmt":"2017-03-29T20:47:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/52-aorist-continued\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:45","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:45","slug":"52-aorist-continued","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/52-aorist-continued\/","title":{"rendered":"The Aorist Continued"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_1807\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/09\/i-6628-1.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-158\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-6628-1.jpeg\" alt=\"PD 2413\" width=\"1024\" height=\"858\"><\/a> Plan for the base and statue of the personification of the Iliad. Likely stood in the Library of Pantainos. c. A.D. 100. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Four Common Greek Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>1. Give, Put, Throw<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Most -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs have a FIRST AORIST. For example, the verb <em>to say<\/em> is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af, \u03c6\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>. Some of the most common -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs, however, are not formed in the first aorist.&nbsp;The verb <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> has no aorist at all!<\/p>\n<p>Other -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs have their own peculiarities. The following three -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs share the following characterictics:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>They are FIRST AORISTS in the singular, with -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03b1<\/span> replacing -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>They are SECOND AORISTS in the plural and infinitive; for some verbs, the long stem vowel becomes short, as in the present tense.<\/li>\n<li>They form their INFINITIVES by lengthening their stems into diphthongs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The principal parts, as a result, now look like this:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1<\/span> (stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03c9<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf<\/span>-)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>-\uf0e8)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u1f25\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f27\u03ba\u03b1&nbsp;<\/span>(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f25<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f11<\/span>-)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 416; GPH p. 129)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Aorist Indicative Active Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 416; GPH p. 151)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Aorist Indicative Active Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> (S 777)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f27\u03ba\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f37\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f27\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f37\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f27\u03ba\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f37\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Aorist Indicative Active Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f37\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>In general, and particularly in the plural, the aorist forms of &nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> are more commonly found with prefixes than as stand-alone verbs. Notice that, in the singular, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> uses <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21<\/span>-, as it does in the present tense, and also adds a -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03b1<\/span>- marker. In the plural and infinitive,&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> uses <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f31<\/span>-.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Stand<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Note the principal parts of another common Greek -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verb, <em>stand.<\/em>&nbsp;This verb has both a FIRST and ATHEMATIC SECOND AORIST form! Note also that, unlike the previous three verbs, this verb keeps its long stem vowel throughout the singular and plural.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1<\/span>-)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Second Aorist, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 140)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Second Aorist Indicative Active Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The First Aorist, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>First Aorist Indicative Active Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Verbs with First and Second Aorist Forms<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When a verb has both types of aorist, it is often the case that the FIRST AORIST is TRANSITIVE, and the SECOND AORIST is INTRANSITIVE. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd<\/span> <em>stand<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1<\/span> \u201cI stood (something) up.\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd<\/span> \u201cI stood up\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03bd<\/span> <em>produce, grow<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span> \u201cI grew (something).\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03bd<\/span> \u201cI grew.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Aorist Passive<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>1. Formation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As we discussed earlier, in early Greek there were&nbsp;no distinct PASSIVE forms in the PRESENT tense. Instead, the MIDDLE endings were used also for the PASSIVE when the need arose. The AORIST, however, is one of the few tense for which distinct PASSIVE endings developed. These forms always conjugate like a regular -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verb.<\/p>\n<p>To form the aorist passive, the following formula is used:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> + verb stem +&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span> + athematic secondary endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If adding -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>- is too hard to pronounce, only -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span>- is added.&nbsp;Advanced vocabulary lists, as well as Greek lexica, provide six principal parts for Greek verbs, and the AORIST PASSIVE is the SIXTH PRINCIPAL PART.&nbsp;Generally speaking, however, the aorist passive is easy to recognize and parse because of its distinctive -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>- marker and regular personal endings.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Passive of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 383; GPH p. 88)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>First Aorist Indicative Active Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Use<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Although this form is known as the AORIST PASSIVE, it in fact evolved in meaning over the centuries.&nbsp;In Classical Greek, the passive voice appears much less frequently than it does in English or later Greek.&nbsp;\u0399n fact, in the earliest Greek, the form is almost always intransitive (as if in the middle voice):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u1f7c \u03b4\u03ad \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f44\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c6\u03ac\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>\u2026<em>and her eyes<\/em>&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f44\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5<\/span>)<em>&nbsp;appeared<\/em>&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03ac\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>)&nbsp;<em>awesome<\/em>&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u1f7c<\/span>). Homer<em> Iliad <\/em>1.200<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>By the time of Koine Greek, these forms are used frequently in passive constructions.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Active: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b6\u03c9\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f30\u03ce\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f41 \u03b8\u03b5\u03cc\u03c2<\/span>. <em>God gave us eternal life.<\/em> 1 John 5:11<\/li>\n<li>Passive:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f41 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u039c\u03c9\u03cb\u03c3\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>.&nbsp;<em>The law was given through Moses.<\/em> John 1:17<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Intransitive uses continue as well, however, and in fact some verbs only use the aorist passive intransitively:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u039a\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f15\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bf\u1f36\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f38\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f4c\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f18\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd.<\/span>&nbsp;<em>And each went to his own home, but Jesus went to the Mount of Olives<\/em>. Jn 7:53-8:1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Context within a sentence helps to translate the voice of the AORIST PASSIVE form. A general rule of thumb is to look for a GENITIVE OF AGENT following&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f51\u03c0\u03cc<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Note the following examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/span> <em>The book is being written by the poet.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7.<\/span>&nbsp;<em>The book was written by the poet.<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>The aorist passive of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9<\/span> has dropped the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8<\/span>, but otherwise declines normally: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>,&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03c2<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7<\/span>, \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2&nbsp;\u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd&nbsp;\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;<em>The cities are being destroyed by the Persians\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2&nbsp;\u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd&nbsp;\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;<em>The&nbsp;cities were destroyed by the Persians\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">- \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 -<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>VERBS WITH FIRST AND SECOND AORIST FORMS<\/li>\n<li>AORIST PASSIVE<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<p><b>Four Common -\u03bc\u03b9 Verbs<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1 give<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1 put, make<\/li>\n<li>\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u1f25\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f27\u03ba\u03b1 throw<\/li>\n<li>\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\/\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd stand<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Passive Aorist Form as Intransitive<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd want, prefer<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd be able, can<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Mixed Stems<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u1f04\u03b3\u03c9, \u1f04\u03be\u03c9, \u1f24\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd lead, bring, pass (time)<\/li>\n<li>\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9, \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u03b5\u1f37\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd (stem \u1f11\u03bb-) take, grasp; (<i>mid<\/i>.) choose<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f26\u03bb\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd (stem \u1f10\u03bb\u03b8-) come, go<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9, \u1f15\u03be\u03c9 and \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd (imperfect: \u03b5\u1f36\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd) (stem \u03c3\u03c7-) have, hold, be<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c1\u1ff6, \u03b5\u1f36\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd (stem \u1f10\u03c0-) say, speak, report<\/li>\n<li>\u03bc\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9, \u03bc\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1 remind<\/li>\n<li>\u1f41\u03c1\u03ac\u03c9, \u1f44\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b5\u1f36\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd (stem \u1f30\u03b4-) see<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd suffer, experience<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9, \u03bf\u1f34\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f24\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\/\u1f24\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd (stem \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba-) carry, bring<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>\u0399.&nbsp;You have been given the first three principal parts of the following verbs. The third principal part provides us with the Aorist, Indicative, Active (or Passive), 1st Person, Singular. Using the third principal part, conjugate (i.e., write out in all persons and numbers) each of the verbs in the Aorist, Indicative, Active (or Passive, if required), including the infinitive:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1 put, make<\/li>\n<li>\u1f04\u03b3\u03c9, \u1f04\u03be\u03c9, \u1f24\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd lead, bring, pass (time)<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f26\u03bb\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd (stem \u1f10\u03bb\u03b8-) come, go<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd be able, can<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0399\u0399.&nbsp;Review and memorize the vocabulary for this lesson. Then download the master list of common Greek verbs, available here:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/09\/Greek-Verb-List.pdf\">Greek Verb List<\/a>. Note that verbs that end in the same stem vowel or consonant tend to form their aorists the same way. For example, verbs whose stems end in -\u03c5 tend to have a regular first aorist. For the following verb stem families, write out the tendency that each has when forming their aorist.<\/p>\n<p>e.g.&nbsp;Contract Verbs: -\u03ad\u03c9: &nbsp; first aorists in -\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Stems in \u2013\u03b4\/\u03b6\/\u03b8<\/li>\n<li>Contract Verbs: -\u03ac\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>Stems in -\u03b3, -\u03ba, -\u03c7, and -\u03c4\u03c4<\/li>\n<li>Thematic Aorists (for these, what do the 1st Principal Parts tend to have in common?)<\/li>\n<li>Contract Verbs: -\u03cc\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>Stems in \u2013\u03c0\/\u03b2\/\u03c6<\/li>\n<li>Stems in \u2013\u03bb\/\u03bd\/\u03c1<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>III.&nbsp;For the following verbs, 1). Provide the first three principal parts, 2). Provide the appropriate aorist infinitive; and 3). Change from the aorist tense to the present and imperfect tenses, in the same person(s) and number(s).<\/p>\n<p>Note 1 : All verbs can be found on the <a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/09\/Greek-Verb-List.pdf\">Greek Verb List<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Note 2: For all verbs with a middle first principal part (e.g. \u1f14\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 or \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9), do not give the imperfect tense. We learn the imperfect middle endings a bit later.<\/p>\n<p>e.g.: \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5: &nbsp; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1; &nbsp; \u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9; &nbsp; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9; &nbsp; \u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u1f14\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f27\u03ba\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u1f26\u03bb\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f37\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f20\u03bd\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1807\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1807\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/09\/i-6628-1.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-158\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-6628-1.jpeg\" alt=\"PD 2413\" width=\"1024\" height=\"858\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-6628-1.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-6628-1-300x251.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-6628-1-768x644.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-6628-1-65x54.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-6628-1-225x189.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-6628-1-350x293.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1807\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plan for the base and statue of the personification of the Iliad. Likely stood in the Library of Pantainos. c. A.D. 100. Athenian Agora Excavations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Four Common Greek Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>1. Give, Put, Throw<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Most &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs have a FIRST AORIST. For example, the verb <em>to say<\/em> is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af, \u03c6\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>. Some of the most common &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs, however, are not formed in the first aorist.&nbsp;The verb <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> has no aorist at all!<\/p>\n<p>Other &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs have their own peculiarities. The following three &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs share the following characterictics:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>They are FIRST AORISTS in the singular, with &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03b1<\/span> replacing &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>They are SECOND AORISTS in the plural and infinitive; for some verbs, the long stem vowel becomes short, as in the present tense.<\/li>\n<li>They form their INFINITIVES by lengthening their stems into diphthongs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The principal parts, as a result, now look like this:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1<\/span> (stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03c9<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf<\/span>-)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>-\uf0e8)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u1f25\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f27\u03ba\u03b1&nbsp;<\/span>(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f25<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f11<\/span>-)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 416; GPH p. 129)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Aorist Indicative Active Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 416; GPH p. 151)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Aorist Indicative Active Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> (S 777)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f27\u03ba\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f37\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f27\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f37\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f27\u03ba\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f37\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Aorist Indicative Active Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f37\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>In general, and particularly in the plural, the aorist forms of &nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> are more commonly found with prefixes than as stand-alone verbs. Notice that, in the singular, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> uses <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21<\/span>-, as it does in the present tense, and also adds a &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03b1<\/span>&#8211; marker. In the plural and infinitive,&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> uses <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f31<\/span>-.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Stand<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Note the principal parts of another common Greek &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verb, <em>stand.<\/em>&nbsp;This verb has both a FIRST and ATHEMATIC SECOND AORIST form! Note also that, unlike the previous three verbs, this verb keeps its long stem vowel throughout the singular and plural.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1<\/span>-)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Second Aorist, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 140)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Second Aorist Indicative Active Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The First Aorist, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>First Aorist Indicative Active Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Verbs with First and Second Aorist Forms<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When a verb has both types of aorist, it is often the case that the FIRST AORIST is TRANSITIVE, and the SECOND AORIST is INTRANSITIVE. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd<\/span> <em>stand<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1<\/span> \u201cI stood (something) up.\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd<\/span> \u201cI stood up\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03bd<\/span> <em>produce, grow<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span> \u201cI grew (something).\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03bd<\/span> \u201cI grew.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Aorist Passive<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>1. Formation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As we discussed earlier, in early Greek there were&nbsp;no distinct PASSIVE forms in the PRESENT tense. Instead, the MIDDLE endings were used also for the PASSIVE when the need arose. The AORIST, however, is one of the few tense for which distinct PASSIVE endings developed. These forms always conjugate like a regular &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verb.<\/p>\n<p>To form the aorist passive, the following formula is used:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span> + verb stem +&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span> + athematic secondary endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If adding &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>&#8211; is too hard to pronounce, only &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span>&#8211; is added.&nbsp;Advanced vocabulary lists, as well as Greek lexica, provide six principal parts for Greek verbs, and the AORIST PASSIVE is the SIXTH PRINCIPAL PART.&nbsp;Generally speaking, however, the aorist passive is easy to recognize and parse because of its distinctive &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>&#8211; marker and regular personal endings.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Passive of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 383; GPH p. 88)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>First Aorist Indicative Active Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Use<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Although this form is known as the AORIST PASSIVE, it in fact evolved in meaning over the centuries.&nbsp;In Classical Greek, the passive voice appears much less frequently than it does in English or later Greek.&nbsp;\u0399n fact, in the earliest Greek, the form is almost always intransitive (as if in the middle voice):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u1f7c \u03b4\u03ad \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f44\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c6\u03ac\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>\u2026<em>and her eyes<\/em>&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f44\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5<\/span>)<em>&nbsp;appeared<\/em>&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03ac\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>)&nbsp;<em>awesome<\/em>&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u1f7c<\/span>). Homer<em> Iliad <\/em>1.200<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>By the time of Koine Greek, these forms are used frequently in passive constructions.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Active: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b6\u03c9\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f30\u03ce\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f41 \u03b8\u03b5\u03cc\u03c2<\/span>. <em>God gave us eternal life.<\/em> 1 John 5:11<\/li>\n<li>Passive:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f41 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u039c\u03c9\u03cb\u03c3\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>.&nbsp;<em>The law was given through Moses.<\/em> John 1:17<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Intransitive uses continue as well, however, and in fact some verbs only use the aorist passive intransitively:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u039a\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f15\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bf\u1f36\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f38\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f4c\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f18\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd.<\/span>&nbsp;<em>And each went to his own home, but Jesus went to the Mount of Olives<\/em>. Jn 7:53-8:1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Context within a sentence helps to translate the voice of the AORIST PASSIVE form. A general rule of thumb is to look for a GENITIVE OF AGENT following&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f51\u03c0\u03cc<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Note the following examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/span> <em>The book is being written by the poet.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7.<\/span>&nbsp;<em>The book was written by the poet.<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>The aorist passive of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9<\/span> has dropped the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8<\/span>, but otherwise declines normally: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>,&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03c2<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7<\/span>, \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2&nbsp;\u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd&nbsp;\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;<em>The cities are being destroyed by the Persians\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2&nbsp;\u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd&nbsp;\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;<em>The&nbsp;cities were destroyed by the Persians\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211; \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 &#8211;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>VERBS WITH FIRST AND SECOND AORIST FORMS<\/li>\n<li>AORIST PASSIVE<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<p><b>Four Common -\u03bc\u03b9 Verbs<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1 give<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1 put, make<\/li>\n<li>\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u1f25\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f27\u03ba\u03b1 throw<\/li>\n<li>\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\/\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd stand<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Passive Aorist Form as Intransitive<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd want, prefer<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd be able, can<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Mixed Stems<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u1f04\u03b3\u03c9, \u1f04\u03be\u03c9, \u1f24\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd lead, bring, pass (time)<\/li>\n<li>\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9, \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u03b5\u1f37\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd (stem \u1f11\u03bb-) take, grasp; (<i>mid<\/i>.) choose<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f26\u03bb\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd (stem \u1f10\u03bb\u03b8-) come, go<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9, \u1f15\u03be\u03c9 and \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd (imperfect: \u03b5\u1f36\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd) (stem \u03c3\u03c7-) have, hold, be<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c1\u1ff6, \u03b5\u1f36\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd (stem \u1f10\u03c0-) say, speak, report<\/li>\n<li>\u03bc\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9, \u03bc\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1 remind<\/li>\n<li>\u1f41\u03c1\u03ac\u03c9, \u1f44\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b5\u1f36\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd (stem \u1f30\u03b4-) see<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd suffer, experience<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9, \u03bf\u1f34\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f24\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\/\u1f24\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd (stem \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba-) carry, bring<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>\u0399.&nbsp;You have been given the first three principal parts of the following verbs. The third principal part provides us with the Aorist, Indicative, Active (or Passive), 1st Person, Singular. Using the third principal part, conjugate (i.e., write out in all persons and numbers) each of the verbs in the Aorist, Indicative, Active (or Passive, if required), including the infinitive:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1 put, make<\/li>\n<li>\u1f04\u03b3\u03c9, \u1f04\u03be\u03c9, \u1f24\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd lead, bring, pass (time)<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f26\u03bb\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd (stem \u1f10\u03bb\u03b8-) come, go<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd be able, can<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0399\u0399.&nbsp;Review and memorize the vocabulary for this lesson. Then download the master list of common Greek verbs, available here:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/09\/Greek-Verb-List.pdf\">Greek Verb List<\/a>. Note that verbs that end in the same stem vowel or consonant tend to form their aorists the same way. For example, verbs whose stems end in -\u03c5 tend to have a regular first aorist. For the following verb stem families, write out the tendency that each has when forming their aorist.<\/p>\n<p>e.g.&nbsp;Contract Verbs: -\u03ad\u03c9: &nbsp; first aorists in -\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Stems in \u2013\u03b4\/\u03b6\/\u03b8<\/li>\n<li>Contract Verbs: -\u03ac\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>Stems in -\u03b3, -\u03ba, -\u03c7, and -\u03c4\u03c4<\/li>\n<li>Thematic Aorists (for these, what do the 1st Principal Parts tend to have in common?)<\/li>\n<li>Contract Verbs: -\u03cc\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>Stems in \u2013\u03c0\/\u03b2\/\u03c6<\/li>\n<li>Stems in \u2013\u03bb\/\u03bd\/\u03c1<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>III.&nbsp;For the following verbs, 1). Provide the first three principal parts, 2). Provide the appropriate aorist infinitive; and 3). Change from the aorist tense to the present and imperfect tenses, in the same person(s) and number(s).<\/p>\n<p>Note 1 : All verbs can be found on the <a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/09\/Greek-Verb-List.pdf\">Greek Verb List<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Note 2: For all verbs with a middle first principal part (e.g. \u1f14\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 or \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9), do not give the imperfect tense. We learn the imperfect middle endings a bit later.<\/p>\n<p>e.g.: \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5: &nbsp; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1; &nbsp; \u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9; &nbsp; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9; &nbsp; \u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u1f14\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f27\u03ba\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u1f26\u03bb\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f37\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f20\u03bd\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-159","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/159","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/159\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":160,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/159\/revisions\/160"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/159\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=159"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=159"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=159"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=159"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}