{"id":176,"date":"2017-09-06T01:44:13","date_gmt":"2017-09-06T01:44:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/59-middle-voice-aorist\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:48","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:48","slug":"59-middle-voice-aorist","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/59-middle-voice-aorist\/","title":{"rendered":"The Middle Voice: Aorist"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_1806\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/09\/i-4446.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-175\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-4446.jpeg\" alt=\"2012.51.1034\" width=\"1024\" height=\"759\"><\/a> An inscription of Athenian councillors. 2nd c. B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Middle Voice: First Aorist<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Recall that the formula to form the FIRST AORIST indicative is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>augment + verb stem + first aorist (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>) marker + secondary endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To form the first aorist middle, we simply replace the active secondary endings with middle secondary endings.&nbsp;Note that the second person singular regularly appears in a contracted form that results from the loss of the INTERVOCALIC SIGMA (S 628).<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span> = I (1st person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span> = we (1st person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> \u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> = you (2nd person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span> = y\u2019all (2nd person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf<\/span> = (s)he, it (3rd person sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span> = they (3rd person pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Infinitive ending: -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>. For the First Aorist Middle infinitive, note the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>As with the PRESENT MIDDLE INFINITIVE, the accent falls on the ANTEPENULT<\/li>\n<li>Infinitives never receive an augment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 78)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03bf <\/span>\u2192&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">) \u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Aorist Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> \u2192 ) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Aorist Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Middle Voice: Second Aorist<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Thematic Second Aorist<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Recall that the formula to form the THEMATIC SECOND AORIST indicative is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>augment + verb stem + thematic vowel (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>) + secondary endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To form the second aorist middle, we simply replace the active secondary endings with middle secondary endings.&nbsp;Note that the second person singular regularly appears in a contracted form that results from the loss of the INTERVOCALIC SIGMA (S 628). The endings, in other words, are identical to those used for the imperfect tense of thematic verbs.<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span> = I (1st person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span> = we (1st person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> \u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5<\/span> = you (2nd person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span> = y\u2019all (2nd person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf<\/span> = (s)he, it (3rd person sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span> = they (3rd person pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Infinitive ending: -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>. For the Second Aorist Middle infinitive, note the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The accent falls on the PENULT<\/li>\n<li>Infinitives never receive an augment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 <\/span>(S 384; GPH p. 83)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> \u2192 ) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Aorist Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Athematic Second Aorist<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Recall that the formula to form the ATHEMATIC SECOND AORIST indicative is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>augment + verb stem + secondary endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To form the second aorist athematic middle, we simply replace the active secondary endings with middle secondary endings. As noted before, there are not many athematic second aorists, but among them are some commonly encountered verbs, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b2\u03b7\u03bd<\/span> (verb stem:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b7<\/span>-)<em>&nbsp;walk, come, go<\/em><\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/span> (verb stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>-)&nbsp;<em>know, learn, think<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Neither of these verbs, however, occur in the aorist middle forms in preserved Greek texts, so memorization of their inflected forms in this tense and voice is not necessary.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Middle Voice: Aorist -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The following -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs all form the AORIST MIDDLE regularly, according to the following rules:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Short stem vowels are used for all stems<\/li>\n<li>The intervocalic <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> in the 2nd person singular drops out.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Infinitive ending: -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>. For the Second Aorist Middle infinitive, note the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The accent falls on the PENULT<\/li>\n<li>Infinitives never receive an augment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Note: There is no Aorist Middle Indicative of the -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verb <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 416; GPH p. 129)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> \u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Aorist Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 416; GPH p. 151)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> \u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Aorist Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> (S 777)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f35\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f35\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f37\u03c3\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f37\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f37\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f37\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note here that <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f31<\/span>- is the result of a contraction of the&nbsp;original form, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f15\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14<\/span>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f11\u03c3\u03bf<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span>. Notice also that the INTERVOCALIC SIGMA has NOT dropped out (which would have resulted in a form such as&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14<\/span>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f11\u03c3\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14<\/span>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f51<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57<\/span>!).<\/p>\n<p>Aorist Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f15\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Vocabulary<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Note that verbs used only in the MIDDLE VOICE in the PRESENT TENSE often form their AORISTS in the MIDDLE voice, as well. This form is reflected in the THIRD PRINCIPAL PART.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2013 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u2013<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key&nbsp;Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>MIDDLE VOICE OF FIRST AORISTS<\/li>\n<li>MIDDLE VOICE OF SECOND AORISTS<\/li>\n<li>MIDDLE VOICE OF AORIST -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> VERBS<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f90\u03c3\u03b8\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;perceive<\/p>\n<p>\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;answer<\/p>\n<p>\u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;come to, arrive at<\/p>\n<p>\u03b3\u03af\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;happen, become, be born<\/p>\n<p>\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;welcome<\/p>\n<p>\u1f15\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f15\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f11\u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;follow<\/p>\n<p>\u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;work<\/p>\n<p>\u1f21\u03b3\u03ad\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f21\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f21\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;lead, consider<\/p>\n<p>\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;get, acquire<\/p>\n<p>\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f10\u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;fight<\/p>\n<p>\u03c0\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f10\u03c0\u03c5\u03b8\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;learn, hear, inquire about (+ acc. or gen.)<\/p>\n<p>\u03c7\u03c1\u03ac\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f10\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;use<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>\u0399. Conjugate in full&nbsp;the following verbs in the aorist middle, including the infinitive.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0399\u0399.&nbsp;The following verb forms are all aorist active. For each, 1). Identify whether it is a 1st or 2nd aorist, and 2). Change from the aorist in the active voice to the aorist in the middle voice, keeping the same person and number.&nbsp;If you have forgotten the principal parts of any of these verbs, note that they can be found on the list of&nbsp;\u201cMost Common Ancient Greek Verbs,\" available here:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/09\/Greek-Verb-List.pdf\">Greek Verb List<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u1f20\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03ba\u03ce\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/li>\n<li>\u1f24\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1806\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1806\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/09\/i-4446.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-175\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-4446.jpeg\" alt=\"2012.51.1034\" width=\"1024\" height=\"759\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-4446.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-4446-300x222.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-4446-768x569.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-4446-65x48.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-4446-225x167.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-4446-350x259.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1806\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">An inscription of Athenian councillors. 2nd c. B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Middle Voice: First Aorist<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Recall that the formula to form the FIRST AORIST indicative is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>augment + verb stem + first aorist (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>) marker + secondary endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To form the first aorist middle, we simply replace the active secondary endings with middle secondary endings.&nbsp;Note that the second person singular regularly appears in a contracted form that results from the loss of the INTERVOCALIC SIGMA (S 628).<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span> = I (1st person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span> = we (1st person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> \u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> = you (2nd person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span> = y\u2019all (2nd person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf<\/span> = (s)he, it (3rd person sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span> = they (3rd person pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Infinitive ending: &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>. For the First Aorist Middle infinitive, note the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>As with the PRESENT MIDDLE INFINITIVE, the accent falls on the ANTEPENULT<\/li>\n<li>Infinitives never receive an augment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 78)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03bf <\/span>\u2192&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">) \u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Aorist Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> \u2192 ) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Aorist Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Middle Voice: Second Aorist<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Thematic Second Aorist<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Recall that the formula to form the THEMATIC SECOND AORIST indicative is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>augment + verb stem + thematic vowel (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>) + secondary endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To form the second aorist middle, we simply replace the active secondary endings with middle secondary endings.&nbsp;Note that the second person singular regularly appears in a contracted form that results from the loss of the INTERVOCALIC SIGMA (S 628). The endings, in other words, are identical to those used for the imperfect tense of thematic verbs.<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span> = I (1st person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span> = we (1st person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> \u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5<\/span> = you (2nd person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span> = y\u2019all (2nd person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf<\/span> = (s)he, it (3rd person sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span> = they (3rd person pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Infinitive ending: &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>. For the Second Aorist Middle infinitive, note the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The accent falls on the PENULT<\/li>\n<li>Infinitives never receive an augment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 <\/span>(S 384; GPH p. 83)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> \u2192 ) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Aorist Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Athematic Second Aorist<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Recall that the formula to form the ATHEMATIC SECOND AORIST indicative is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>augment + verb stem + secondary endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To form the second aorist athematic middle, we simply replace the active secondary endings with middle secondary endings. As noted before, there are not many athematic second aorists, but among them are some commonly encountered verbs, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b2\u03b7\u03bd<\/span> (verb stem:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b7<\/span>-)<em>&nbsp;walk, come, go<\/em><\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/span> (verb stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>-)&nbsp;<em>know, learn, think<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Neither of these verbs, however, occur in the aorist middle forms in preserved Greek texts, so memorization of their inflected forms in this tense and voice is not necessary.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Middle Voice: Aorist &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The following &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs all form the AORIST MIDDLE regularly, according to the following rules:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Short stem vowels are used for all stems<\/li>\n<li>The intervocalic <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> in the 2nd person singular drops out.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Infinitive ending: &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>. For the Second Aorist Middle infinitive, note the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The accent falls on the PENULT<\/li>\n<li>Infinitives never receive an augment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Note: There is no Aorist Middle Indicative of the &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verb <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 416; GPH p. 129)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> \u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Aorist Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 416; GPH p. 151)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> \u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Aorist Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> (S 777)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f35\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f35\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f37\u03c3\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f37\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f37\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f37\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note here that <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f31<\/span>&#8211; is the result of a contraction of the&nbsp;original form, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f15\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14<\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f11\u03c3\u03bf<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span>. Notice also that the INTERVOCALIC SIGMA has NOT dropped out (which would have resulted in a form such as&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14<\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f11\u03c3\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14<\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f51<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f57<\/span>!).<\/p>\n<p>Aorist Indicative Middle Infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f15\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Vocabulary<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Note that verbs used only in the MIDDLE VOICE in the PRESENT TENSE often form their AORISTS in the MIDDLE voice, as well. This form is reflected in the THIRD PRINCIPAL PART.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2013 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u2013<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key&nbsp;Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>MIDDLE VOICE OF FIRST AORISTS<\/li>\n<li>MIDDLE VOICE OF SECOND AORISTS<\/li>\n<li>MIDDLE VOICE OF AORIST &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> VERBS<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f90\u03c3\u03b8\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;perceive<\/p>\n<p>\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;answer<\/p>\n<p>\u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;come to, arrive at<\/p>\n<p>\u03b3\u03af\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;happen, become, be born<\/p>\n<p>\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;welcome<\/p>\n<p>\u1f15\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f15\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f11\u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;follow<\/p>\n<p>\u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;work<\/p>\n<p>\u1f21\u03b3\u03ad\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f21\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f21\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;lead, consider<\/p>\n<p>\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;get, acquire<\/p>\n<p>\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f10\u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;fight<\/p>\n<p>\u03c0\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f10\u03c0\u03c5\u03b8\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;learn, hear, inquire about (+ acc. or gen.)<\/p>\n<p>\u03c7\u03c1\u03ac\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9,&nbsp;\u1f10\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;use<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>\u0399. Conjugate in full&nbsp;the following verbs in the aorist middle, including the infinitive.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0399\u0399.&nbsp;The following verb forms are all aorist active. For each, 1). Identify whether it is a 1st or 2nd aorist, and 2). Change from the aorist in the active voice to the aorist in the middle voice, keeping the same person and number.&nbsp;If you have forgotten the principal parts of any of these verbs, note that they can be found on the list of&nbsp;\u201cMost Common Ancient Greek Verbs,&#8221; available here:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/09\/Greek-Verb-List.pdf\">Greek Verb List<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u1f20\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03ba\u03ce\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/li>\n<li>\u1f24\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-176","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/176","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/176\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":177,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/176\/revisions\/177"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/176\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=176"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=176"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=176"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=176"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}