{"id":192,"date":"2016-06-16T19:24:18","date_gmt":"2016-06-16T19:24:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/65-participles-part-one\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:52","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:52","slug":"65-participles-part-one","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/65-participles-part-one\/","title":{"rendered":"Participles: Present and Future Active"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_2108\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"2048\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/10\/i-7618.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-189\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-7618.jpeg\" alt=\"2008.05.0019\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1353\"><\/a> A garlanded boukranion (ox skull) is on the preserved corner of what is likely an altar or base; worn traces of an inscription can be seen above the molding. Date unknown. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Participle: Introduction<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This lesson presents a part of speech known as the PARTICIPLE. Essentially, participles are VERBAL ADJECTIVES. As with verbs, participles have TENSE and VOICE, and can take DIRECT or INDIRECT OBJECTS. As with adjectives, participles have GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>English Participles<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In English, there are two participial forms:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The PRESENT participle<\/li>\n<li>The PAST participle<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The PRESENT participle in English is recognized by its ending:&nbsp;-<em>ing<\/em>. Sometimes the participle stands on its own; in other situations, the participle introduces a PARTICIPIAL PHRASE. A participial phrase consists of the participle, plus any other words or phrases that modify or complement the participle. The present participle in English is ACTIVE.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Odysseus was a <em>loving<\/em> father.\n<ul>\n<li>Here the participle stands on its own, modifying <em>father<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>We saw Odysseus <em>thinking about it.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>We saw Odysseus <em>fighting the Trojans.<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>In these two sentences, each participle is modifying <em>Odysseus<\/em>; both also introduce participial phrases.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The PAST PARTICIPLE in English is most commonly identified by the ending -<em>ed<\/em>&nbsp;(e.g., <em>worked<\/em>, <em>loved<\/em>), though&nbsp;other forms exist (e.g., <em>eaten<\/em>, <em>sung<\/em>). As with the present participle, the participle can stand on its own or introduce a PARTICIPIAL PHRASE. The past participle in English is PASSIVE.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Odysseus burned <em>the captured city.<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>Here the participle modifies&nbsp;<em>city<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The women, <em>captured by the Greeks<\/em>, were unhappy.\n<ul>\n<li>Here the participle modifies&nbsp;<em>women<\/em>, and introduces a participial phrase.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The war, <em>fought mainly on the plains of Troy<\/em>, came to an end.\n<ul>\n<li>Here the participle modifies&nbsp;<em>war<\/em>, and introduces a participial phrase.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Greek Participles<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>An ancient grammarian once wrote that the Greeks were <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9<\/span>, <em>participal-loving<\/em>. This is no exaggeration. Nearly a third (!) of Greek verbal forms are participles.&nbsp;As a result, mastering Greek participles is essential to reading almost any paragraph of ancient Greek.<\/p>\n<p>As VERBAL ADJECTIVES, Greek participles are part VERB (and so possess tense and voice), and part ADJECTIVE (and so decline to reflect gender, number, case):<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/10\/participle-chart.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-190\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/participle-chart.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"805\" height=\"415\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Greek participles exist in three tenses: PRESENT, FUTURE, and AORIST.&nbsp;To form each of these tenses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Participles use the same TENSE STEM that a given VERB uses in the INDICATIVE mood.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Greek participles exist in the ACTIVE, MIDDLE, and PASSIVE voices. To mark these voices:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Participles add VOICE MARKERS to the tense stem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Finally, Greek participles must be able to reflect the GENDER,&nbsp;NUMBER, and CASE of their ANTECEDENT. To match the antecedent:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Participles add ADJECTIVE endings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Putting it all together, the formation of a participle looks something like this:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/10\/participle-chart-2.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-191\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/participle-chart-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"837\" height=\"386\"><\/a><\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><strong>Present Active Participle: Thematic Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Active Participles<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The pattern for ALL PARTICIPLES in the ACTIVE voice is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>tense stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span>&nbsp;+ 3-1-3 adjective endings\n<ul>\n<li>A <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> is added before the 1st declension endings for the FEMININE<\/li>\n<li>1st declension endings for the FEMININE are&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fb0<\/span>&nbsp;in the nom. and acc. sing.<\/li>\n<li>The persistent accent is on the LAST VOWEL SOUND of the VERB STEM.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Present Active Participle: -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Present active participles are built upon the PRESENT TENSE STEM. For -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs, the thematic vowel <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;is added before the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span>&nbsp;marker, producing the following pattern:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4&nbsp;<\/span>+&nbsp;3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the NOMINATIVE SINGULAR &nbsp;of THEMATIC PRESENT ACTIVE participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 <\/span><\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>On their own, these endings form one of the most common and useful participles:<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>&nbsp;<em>be<\/em> (S 305;&nbsp;GPH, p. 224)<\/p>\n<p>Singular:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f64\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u1fc3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Plural:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f50\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that the endings for the feminine are the same as those used by&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03cc\u03be\u03b1<\/span> \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c2<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21<\/span> <em>glory, judgment, opinion.&nbsp;<\/em>Note also that monosyllabic participles do not decline according to the 3rd declension accent rules. Instead, the accent remains on the thematic vowel (S 304).<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>To form the present active participle of -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs, simply add <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span> as an ending.<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span> <em>loosen<\/em> (S 305;&nbsp;GPH, p. 186)<\/p>\n<p>Singular:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u1fe6\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u1fe6\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Plural:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that the masculine forms are familiar; they match nouns such as <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>. In fact, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd<\/span> is actually a participle that was often used SUBSTANTIVELY as a noun (<em>the ruling man<\/em> = <em>the ruler<\/em>).<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Present Active Participle: Contract Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Contract verbs follow the normal rules of contraction when forming thematic present active participles.<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;<em>grab<\/em>&nbsp;(S 310;&nbsp;GPH, p. 200)<\/p>\n<p>Masculine:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>\u2192)&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>\u2192)&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Feminine:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192)&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03b5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span>\u2192)&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Neuter:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>\u2192)&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>\u2192)&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c9<\/span> <em>ask<\/em>&nbsp;(S 310;&nbsp;GPH, p. 198)<\/p>\n<p>Masculine:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Feminine:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Neuter:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c9<\/span> <em>show<\/em>&nbsp;(S 310;&nbsp;GPH, p. 202)<\/p>\n<p>Masculine:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Feminine:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Neuter:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Present Active Participle: Athematic Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>For athematic (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>) verbs, no thematic vowel is added before the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> marker. The result is the following pattern:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> +&nbsp;3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the NOMINATIVE SINGULAR of ATHEMATIC PRESENT ACTIVE participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In other words, for athematic verbs, add <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span> as an ending.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that while sound changes for THEMATIC participles result in the loss of the -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span><\/span>&nbsp;in the MASCULINE SINGULAR (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c2<\/span>\u2192 \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>), for ATHEMATIC participles, what is lost is -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span>.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>show<\/em> (S 308;&nbsp;GPH, p. 216)<\/p>\n<p>Singular:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Plural:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that when <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span> is lengthened due to compensatory lengthening, the result is long <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span>.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>give<\/em> (S 307; GPH, p. 204)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that when <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span> is lengthened due to compensatory lengthening, the result is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>place, make<\/em>&nbsp;(S 307; GPH, p. 212)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that when <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span> is lengthened due to compensatory lengthening, the result is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>stand<\/em>&nbsp;(S 306; GPH, p. 208)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that when <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span> is lengthened due to compensatory lengthening, the result is long <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span>.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>throw<\/em>&nbsp;(S 777)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03b5\u03af\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03ad\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that when <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span> is lengthened due to compensatory lengthening, the result is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Future Active Participle<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Recall that ALL verbs are THEMATIC (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>) verbs in the FUTURE tense. So to form the future active participle:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Add <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span> to the future stem (= verb stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Future Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span> <i>loosen<\/i>&nbsp;(S 662; GPH, p. 188)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u1fe6\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Future Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <i>show<\/i>&nbsp;(S 662)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03be\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">- \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 -<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>PARTICIPLES AS VERBAL ADJECTIVES<\/li>\n<li>PARTICIPIAL PHRASE<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9<\/span><\/li>\n<li>PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE OF <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span><\/li>\n<li>THEMATIC PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES<\/li>\n<li>ATHEMATIC PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES<\/li>\n<li>FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLES<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>\u0399.&nbsp;Fill in the blank.<\/p>\n<p>1. All PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES are formed according to the following pattern:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present stem + ______+&nbsp;______ adjective endings\n<ul>\n<li>&nbsp;______ declension endings for the MASCULINE and NEUTER<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;______ declension endings for the FEMININE (- ______ in the nom. and acc. sing.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2. For thematic (-\u03c9) verbs, the thematic vowel ______&nbsp;is added before the ______ &nbsp;marker, producing the following pattern:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present stem +&nbsp; ______&nbsp;+&nbsp;______ adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2\u2192-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c2\u2192) \u2013 ______<\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1\u2192-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1\u2192) \u2013 ______<\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u2192) \u2013 ______<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3. For athematic (-\u03bc\u03b9) verbs, no thematic vowel is added before the&nbsp;______ marker.&nbsp;Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2\u2192-\u03bd\u03c2\u2192) \u2013______<\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1\u2192-\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1\u2192) \u2013______<\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-\u03bd\u03c4\u2192) \u2013______<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0399\u0399. For each of the following verbs, provide the NOMINATIVE and GENITIVE SINGULAR, in all genders, of the PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0399\u0399\u0399.&nbsp;For each of the participial forms, identify the tense, voice, gender, number, and case. Note that there may be more than one possibility for each category.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03c0\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2108\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2108\" style=\"width: 2048px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/10\/i-7618.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-189\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-7618.jpeg\" alt=\"2008.05.0019\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1353\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-7618.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-7618-300x198.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-7618-768x507.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-7618-1024x677.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-7618-65x43.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-7618-225x149.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-7618-350x231.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2108\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A garlanded boukranion (ox skull) is on the preserved corner of what is likely an altar or base; worn traces of an inscription can be seen above the molding. Date unknown. Athenian Agora Excavations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Participle: Introduction<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This lesson presents a part of speech known as the PARTICIPLE. Essentially, participles are VERBAL ADJECTIVES. As with verbs, participles have TENSE and VOICE, and can take DIRECT or INDIRECT OBJECTS. As with adjectives, participles have GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>English Participles<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In English, there are two participial forms:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The PRESENT participle<\/li>\n<li>The PAST participle<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The PRESENT participle in English is recognized by its ending:&nbsp;&#8211;<em>ing<\/em>. Sometimes the participle stands on its own; in other situations, the participle introduces a PARTICIPIAL PHRASE. A participial phrase consists of the participle, plus any other words or phrases that modify or complement the participle. The present participle in English is ACTIVE.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Odysseus was a <em>loving<\/em> father.\n<ul>\n<li>Here the participle stands on its own, modifying <em>father<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>We saw Odysseus <em>thinking about it.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>We saw Odysseus <em>fighting the Trojans.<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>In these two sentences, each participle is modifying <em>Odysseus<\/em>; both also introduce participial phrases.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The PAST PARTICIPLE in English is most commonly identified by the ending &#8211;<em>ed<\/em>&nbsp;(e.g., <em>worked<\/em>, <em>loved<\/em>), though&nbsp;other forms exist (e.g., <em>eaten<\/em>, <em>sung<\/em>). As with the present participle, the participle can stand on its own or introduce a PARTICIPIAL PHRASE. The past participle in English is PASSIVE.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Odysseus burned <em>the captured city.<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>Here the participle modifies&nbsp;<em>city<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The women, <em>captured by the Greeks<\/em>, were unhappy.\n<ul>\n<li>Here the participle modifies&nbsp;<em>women<\/em>, and introduces a participial phrase.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The war, <em>fought mainly on the plains of Troy<\/em>, came to an end.\n<ul>\n<li>Here the participle modifies&nbsp;<em>war<\/em>, and introduces a participial phrase.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Greek Participles<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>An ancient grammarian once wrote that the Greeks were <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9<\/span>, <em>participal-loving<\/em>. This is no exaggeration. Nearly a third (!) of Greek verbal forms are participles.&nbsp;As a result, mastering Greek participles is essential to reading almost any paragraph of ancient Greek.<\/p>\n<p>As VERBAL ADJECTIVES, Greek participles are part VERB (and so possess tense and voice), and part ADJECTIVE (and so decline to reflect gender, number, case):<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/10\/participle-chart.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-190\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/participle-chart.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"805\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/participle-chart.png 805w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/participle-chart-300x155.png 300w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/participle-chart-768x396.png 768w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/participle-chart-65x34.png 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/participle-chart-225x116.png 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/participle-chart-350x180.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 805px) 100vw, 805px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Greek participles exist in three tenses: PRESENT, FUTURE, and AORIST.&nbsp;To form each of these tenses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Participles use the same TENSE STEM that a given VERB uses in the INDICATIVE mood.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Greek participles exist in the ACTIVE, MIDDLE, and PASSIVE voices. To mark these voices:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Participles add VOICE MARKERS to the tense stem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Finally, Greek participles must be able to reflect the GENDER,&nbsp;NUMBER, and CASE of their ANTECEDENT. To match the antecedent:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Participles add ADJECTIVE endings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Putting it all together, the formation of a participle looks something like this:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/10\/participle-chart-2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-191\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/participle-chart-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"837\" height=\"386\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/participle-chart-2.png 837w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/participle-chart-2-300x138.png 300w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/participle-chart-2-768x354.png 768w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/participle-chart-2-65x30.png 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/participle-chart-2-225x104.png 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/participle-chart-2-350x161.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 837px) 100vw, 837px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><strong>Present Active Participle: Thematic Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Active Participles<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The pattern for ALL PARTICIPLES in the ACTIVE voice is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>tense stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span>&nbsp;+ 3-1-3 adjective endings\n<ul>\n<li>A <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> is added before the 1st declension endings for the FEMININE<\/li>\n<li>1st declension endings for the FEMININE are&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fb0<\/span>&nbsp;in the nom. and acc. sing.<\/li>\n<li>The persistent accent is on the LAST VOWEL SOUND of the VERB STEM.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Present Active Participle: &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Present active participles are built upon the PRESENT TENSE STEM. For &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs, the thematic vowel <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;is added before the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span>&nbsp;marker, producing the following pattern:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4&nbsp;<\/span>+&nbsp;3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the NOMINATIVE SINGULAR &nbsp;of THEMATIC PRESENT ACTIVE participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 <\/span><\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>On their own, these endings form one of the most common and useful participles:<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>&nbsp;<em>be<\/em> (S 305;&nbsp;GPH, p. 224)<\/p>\n<p>Singular:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f64\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u1fc3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Plural:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f50\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that the endings for the feminine are the same as those used by&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03cc\u03be\u03b1<\/span> \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c2<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21<\/span> <em>glory, judgment, opinion.&nbsp;<\/em>Note also that monosyllabic participles do not decline according to the 3rd declension accent rules. Instead, the accent remains on the thematic vowel (S 304).<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>To form the present active participle of &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs, simply add <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span> as an ending.<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span> <em>loosen<\/em> (S 305;&nbsp;GPH, p. 186)<\/p>\n<p>Singular:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u1fe6\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u1fe6\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Plural:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that the masculine forms are familiar; they match nouns such as <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>. In fact, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd<\/span> is actually a participle that was often used SUBSTANTIVELY as a noun (<em>the ruling man<\/em> = <em>the ruler<\/em>).<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Present Active Participle: Contract Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Contract verbs follow the normal rules of contraction when forming thematic present active participles.<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;<em>grab<\/em>&nbsp;(S 310;&nbsp;GPH, p. 200)<\/p>\n<p>Masculine:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>\u2192)&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>\u2192)&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Feminine:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192)&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03b5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span>\u2192)&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Neuter:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>\u2192)&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>\u2192)&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c9<\/span> <em>ask<\/em>&nbsp;(S 310;&nbsp;GPH, p. 198)<\/p>\n<p>Masculine:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Feminine:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Neuter:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c9<\/span> <em>show<\/em>&nbsp;(S 310;&nbsp;GPH, p. 202)<\/p>\n<p>Masculine:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Feminine:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Neuter:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Present Active Participle: Athematic Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>For athematic (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>) verbs, no thematic vowel is added before the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> marker. The result is the following pattern:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> +&nbsp;3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the NOMINATIVE SINGULAR of ATHEMATIC PRESENT ACTIVE participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In other words, for athematic verbs, add <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span> as an ending.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that while sound changes for THEMATIC participles result in the loss of the &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span><\/span>&nbsp;in the MASCULINE SINGULAR (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c2<\/span>\u2192 \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>), for ATHEMATIC participles, what is lost is &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span>.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>show<\/em> (S 308;&nbsp;GPH, p. 216)<\/p>\n<p>Singular:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Plural:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that when <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span> is lengthened due to compensatory lengthening, the result is long <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span>.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>give<\/em> (S 307; GPH, p. 204)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that when <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span> is lengthened due to compensatory lengthening, the result is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>place, make<\/em>&nbsp;(S 307; GPH, p. 212)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that when <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span> is lengthened due to compensatory lengthening, the result is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>stand<\/em>&nbsp;(S 306; GPH, p. 208)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that when <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span> is lengthened due to compensatory lengthening, the result is long <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span>.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Present Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>throw<\/em>&nbsp;(S 777)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03b5\u03af\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03ad\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that when <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span> is lengthened due to compensatory lengthening, the result is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Future Active Participle<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Recall that ALL verbs are THEMATIC (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>) verbs in the FUTURE tense. So to form the future active participle:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Add <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span> to the future stem (= verb stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Future Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span> <i>loosen<\/i>&nbsp;(S 662; GPH, p. 188)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u1fe6\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Future Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <i>show<\/i>&nbsp;(S 662)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03be\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211; \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 &#8211;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>PARTICIPLES AS VERBAL ADJECTIVES<\/li>\n<li>PARTICIPIAL PHRASE<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9<\/span><\/li>\n<li>PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE OF <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span><\/li>\n<li>THEMATIC PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES<\/li>\n<li>ATHEMATIC PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES<\/li>\n<li>FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLES<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>\u0399.&nbsp;Fill in the blank.<\/p>\n<p>1. All PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES are formed according to the following pattern:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present stem + ______+&nbsp;______ adjective endings\n<ul>\n<li>&nbsp;______ declension endings for the MASCULINE and NEUTER<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;______ declension endings for the FEMININE (- ______ in the nom. and acc. sing.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2. For thematic (-\u03c9) verbs, the thematic vowel ______&nbsp;is added before the ______ &nbsp;marker, producing the following pattern:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present stem +&nbsp; ______&nbsp;+&nbsp;______ adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2\u2192-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c2\u2192) \u2013 ______<\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1\u2192-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1\u2192) \u2013 ______<\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u2192) \u2013 ______<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3. For athematic (-\u03bc\u03b9) verbs, no thematic vowel is added before the&nbsp;______ marker.&nbsp;Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2\u2192-\u03bd\u03c2\u2192) \u2013______<\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1\u2192-\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1\u2192) \u2013______<\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-\u03bd\u03c4\u2192) \u2013______<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0399\u0399. For each of the following verbs, provide the NOMINATIVE and GENITIVE SINGULAR, in all genders, of the PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0399\u0399\u0399.&nbsp;For each of the participial forms, identify the tense, voice, gender, number, and case. Note that there may be more than one possibility for each category.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03c0\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-192","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/192","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/192\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":193,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/192\/revisions\/193"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/192\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=192"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=192"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=192"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=192"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}