{"id":195,"date":"2017-10-11T20:24:40","date_gmt":"2017-10-11T20:24:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/66-participles-part-two\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:53","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:53","slug":"66-participles-part-two","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/66-participles-part-two\/","title":{"rendered":"Participles: Aorist Active; Middle and Passive"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_2221\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/10\/i-5968.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-194\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-5968.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"993\"><\/a> A dedicatory plaque, likely to \u0397\u03a1\u03a9\u0399 \u0399\u0391\u03a4\u03a1\u03a9\u0399, the Hero Physician. 3rd-2nd c. B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>First Aorist Active Participle<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The pattern to form the FIRST AORIST ACTIVE participle is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>verb stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span> +&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> +&nbsp;3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular of first aorist active participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In other words,&nbsp;to form the first aorist active participle, add <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span> to the verb stem. As with present active participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> is added before the 1st declension endings for the FEMININE<\/li>\n<li>1st declension endings for the FEMININE are&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fb0<\/span>&nbsp;in the nom. and acc. sing.<\/li>\n<li>The persistent accent is on the LAST VOWEL SOUND of the VERB STEM.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Finally, remember that only past tense INDICATIVE verbs receive an AUGMENT. Participles, like infinitives, receive no augment.<\/p>\n<p>First Aorist Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;<em>loosen<\/em> (S 306; GPH, p. 191)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note the similarities between the first aorist active participle and the adjective&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd<\/span>.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Second Aorist Active Participle: Thematic<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The pattern to form the SECOND AORIST ACTIVE participle is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>verb stem +&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> +&nbsp;3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the SECOND AORIST is THEMATIC,&nbsp;sound changes yield endings identical with the nominative singular of thematic present active participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There are two differences between the PRESENT ACTIVE and SECOND AORIST THEMATIC participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stem\n<ul>\n<li>The PRESENT uses the PRESENT TENSE stem<\/li>\n<li>The SECOND AORIST uses the VERB stem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Accent\n<ul>\n<li>The PRESENT accents the LAST VOWEL SOUND of the TENSE STEM<\/li>\n<li>The SECOND AORIST accents the THEMATIC VOWEL sound<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In other words,&nbsp;to form the second aorist active thematic participle, add \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ce\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp; \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span> \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03cc\u03bd<\/span> to the verb stem.<\/p>\n<p>Second Aorist Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;<em>take<\/em> (S 305a; GPH, p. 193)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ce\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Second Aorist Active Participle: Athematic<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Athematic (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>) second aorist verbs have no thematic vowel before the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> marker. The result is the following pattern:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>verb stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> +&nbsp;3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As with present active athematic participles, predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular of athematic present active participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In other words, for athematic verbs, simply add <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span> as an ending to the verb stem. Note that for <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, the&nbsp;AORIST ACTIVE participle is identical with the PRESENT ACTIVE participle except for the REDUPLICATION in the present: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c2<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c2<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03b5\u03af\u03c2<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f35\u03c2<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Aorist Active Participle of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>give<\/em> (S 307, 416; GPH, p. 206)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Aorist Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>place, make<\/em>&nbsp;(S 307, 416; GPH, p. 214)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Recall that&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> has two aorists; the FIRST AORIST is TRANSITIVE, and the SECOND AORIST is INTRANSITIVE. Both aorists have their own participial forms:<\/p>\n<p>First Aorist Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>stand<\/em>&nbsp;(S 306)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Second Aorist Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>stand<\/em>&nbsp;(S 307, 416; GPH, p. 210)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Aorist Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>throw<\/em>&nbsp;(S 777)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f35\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f37\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f15\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f15\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f35\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f15\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Summary of the Active Voice<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>To summarize, the patterns to form participles in the active voice are as follows:<\/p>\n<p>Present Tense<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Athematic: present stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> + 3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<li>Thematic: present stem +&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> + 3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Future Tense<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>All Verbs: verb stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> + 3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Aorist Tense<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>First Aorist: verb stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> + 3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<li>Second Aorist Thematic: verb stem +&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> + 3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<li>Second Aorist Athematic: verb stem&nbsp;+ <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> + 3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Participles: Middle Voice<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Middle Participles<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The pattern for ALL PARTICIPLES in the MIDDLE voice is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>tense stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> + 2-1-2 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In other words, to form the PRESENT, FUTURE, or AORIST middle participle:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>simply add \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7<\/span> \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span> to the appropriate tense stem<\/li>\n<li>thematic (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>) verbs add an \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span> before these endings: -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7<\/span> \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The ACCENT for all middle participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>recedes to the ANTEPENULT when possible<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Present Middle Thematic Participles<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 383; GPH p. 187)\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bb\u03c5\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Future Middle Participles<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 383; GPH p. 189)\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Middle Participles: Athematic Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 418; GPH p. 217)\n<ul>\n<li>Present:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 -\u03b7 -\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH pp. 205, 207)\n<ul>\n<li>Present:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 -\u03b7 \u2013\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Aorist:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 -\u03b7 \u2013\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH pp. 213, 215)\n<ul>\n<li>Present:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 -\u03b7 -\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Aorist:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 -\u03b7 \u2013\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 209)\n<ul>\n<li>Present:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 -\u03b7 -\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Aorist: none<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 777)\n<ul>\n<li>Present:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f31\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 -\u03b7 -\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Aorist:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f15\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 -\u03b7 \u2013\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that for <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, the short vowel sound of their respective stems is used throughout their middle voice forms.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Middle Participles: First Aorist<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 383; GPH p. 192)\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Middle Participles: Second Aorist Thematic<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 384; GPH p. 194)\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Aorist Passive Participle<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Recall that the marker -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>- means an AORIST is PASSIVE or INTRANSITIVE. In the participle, the -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span>- shortens to -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>-.&nbsp;As a result, the pattern for the AORIST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>verb stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> + 3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sound changes yield the following endings for the NOMINATIVE SINGULAR of AORIST PASSIVE participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c2<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Note that the persistent ACCENT remains on the -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>- sound. In other words,&nbsp;to form the aorist passive participle, add -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c2<\/span> \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span> \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd<\/span> to the verb stem.<\/p>\n<p>Aorist Passive Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;<em>loosen<\/em>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 195)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">- \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 -<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>FIRST AORIST ACTIVE PARTICIPLES<\/li>\n<li>SECOND AORIST ACTIVE PARTICIPLES<\/li>\n<li>MIDDLE PARTICIPLES<\/li>\n<li>AORIST PASSIVE PARTICIPLES<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>\u0399.&nbsp;Fill in the blank.<\/p>\n<p>1. FIRST AORIST ACTIVE participles are formed according to the following pattern:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>______ stem + ______+&nbsp;______ adjective endings\n<ul>\n<li>&nbsp;______ declension endings for the MASCULINE and NEUTER<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;______ declension endings for the FEMININE (- ______ in the nom. and acc. sing.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2\u2192-\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c2\u2192) \u2013 ______<\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1\u2192-\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1\u2192) \u2013 ______<\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u2192) \u2013 ______<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>2. For thematic SECOND AORIST ACTIVE participles, the thematic vowel ______&nbsp;is added before the ______ &nbsp;marker, producing the following pattern:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>______ stem +&nbsp; ______&nbsp;+&nbsp;______ adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2\u2192-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c2\u2192) \u2013 ______<\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1\u2192-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1\u2192) \u2013 ______<\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u2192) \u2013 ______<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There are two differences between thematic PRESENT and SECOND AORIST&nbsp;ACTIVE participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stem\n<ul>\n<li>The PRESENT uses the ____________ stem<\/li>\n<li>The SECOND AORIST uses the ____________ stem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Accent\n<ul>\n<li>The PRESENT accents the ____________ of the ____________<\/li>\n<li>The SECOND AORIST accents the ____________ sound<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3. For athematic SECOND AORIST ACTIVE participles, no thematic vowel is added before the&nbsp;______ marker.&nbsp;Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2\u2192-\u03bd\u03c2\u2192) \u2013______<\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1\u2192-\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1\u2192) \u2013______<\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-\u03bd\u03c4\u2192) \u2013______<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, and \u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, the&nbsp;AORIST ACTIVE participle is identical with the PRESENT ACTIVE participle except for the ____________ in the present.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>4.&nbsp;The pattern for ALL PARTICIPLES in the MIDDLE voice is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>______ stem + ______ + ______ adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>5. The&nbsp;pattern for the AORIST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>______ stem + ______ + ______ + ______ adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0399\u0399. Declining.<\/p>\n<p>1. Provide the NOMINATIVE and GENITIVE SINGULAR, in all genders, of the AORIST MIDDLE and AORIST PASSIVE participle of \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9, \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f10\u03ba\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 <i>order<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>2. Provide the NOMINATIVE and GENITIVE SINGULAR, in all genders, of the PRESENT MIDDLE and AORIST ACTIVE participle of \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bd <em>take, receive.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>III. For each of the participial forms, identify the tense, voice, gender, number, and case. Note that there may be more than one possibility for each category.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03b8\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1<\/li>\n<li>\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3<\/li>\n<li>\u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2221\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2221\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/10\/i-5968.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-194\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-5968.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"993\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-5968.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-5968-300x291.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-5968-768x745.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-5968-65x63.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-5968-225x218.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-5968-350x339.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2221\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dedicatory plaque, likely to \u0397\u03a1\u03a9\u0399 \u0399\u0391\u03a4\u03a1\u03a9\u0399, the Hero Physician. 3rd-2nd c. B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>First Aorist Active Participle<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The pattern to form the FIRST AORIST ACTIVE participle is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>verb stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span> +&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> +&nbsp;3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular of first aorist active participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In other words,&nbsp;to form the first aorist active participle, add <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span> to the verb stem. As with present active participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> is added before the 1st declension endings for the FEMININE<\/li>\n<li>1st declension endings for the FEMININE are&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fb0<\/span>&nbsp;in the nom. and acc. sing.<\/li>\n<li>The persistent accent is on the LAST VOWEL SOUND of the VERB STEM.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Finally, remember that only past tense INDICATIVE verbs receive an AUGMENT. Participles, like infinitives, receive no augment.<\/p>\n<p>First Aorist Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;<em>loosen<\/em> (S 306; GPH, p. 191)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note the similarities between the first aorist active participle and the adjective&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd<\/span>.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Second Aorist Active Participle: Thematic<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The pattern to form the SECOND AORIST ACTIVE participle is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>verb stem +&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> +&nbsp;3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the SECOND AORIST is THEMATIC,&nbsp;sound changes yield endings identical with the nominative singular of thematic present active participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There are two differences between the PRESENT ACTIVE and SECOND AORIST THEMATIC participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stem\n<ul>\n<li>The PRESENT uses the PRESENT TENSE stem<\/li>\n<li>The SECOND AORIST uses the VERB stem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Accent\n<ul>\n<li>The PRESENT accents the LAST VOWEL SOUND of the TENSE STEM<\/li>\n<li>The SECOND AORIST accents the THEMATIC VOWEL sound<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In other words,&nbsp;to form the second aorist active thematic participle, add \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ce\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp; \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span> \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03cc\u03bd<\/span> to the verb stem.<\/p>\n<p>Second Aorist Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;<em>take<\/em> (S 305a; GPH, p. 193)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ce\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Second Aorist Active Participle: Athematic<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Athematic (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>) second aorist verbs have no thematic vowel before the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> marker. The result is the following pattern:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>verb stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> +&nbsp;3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As with present active athematic participles, predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular of athematic present active participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In other words, for athematic verbs, simply add <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span> as an ending to the verb stem. Note that for <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, the&nbsp;AORIST ACTIVE participle is identical with the PRESENT ACTIVE participle except for the REDUPLICATION in the present: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c2<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c2<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03b5\u03af\u03c2<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f35\u03c2<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Aorist Active Participle of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>give<\/em> (S 307, 416; GPH, p. 206)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Aorist Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>place, make<\/em>&nbsp;(S 307, 416; GPH, p. 214)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Recall that&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> has two aorists; the FIRST AORIST is TRANSITIVE, and the SECOND AORIST is INTRANSITIVE. Both aorists have their own participial forms:<\/p>\n<p>First Aorist Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>stand<\/em>&nbsp;(S 306)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Second Aorist Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>stand<\/em>&nbsp;(S 307, 416; GPH, p. 210)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Aorist Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> <em>throw<\/em>&nbsp;(S 777)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f35\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f37\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f15\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f15\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f35\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f15\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Summary of the Active Voice<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>To summarize, the patterns to form participles in the active voice are as follows:<\/p>\n<p>Present Tense<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Athematic: present stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> + 3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<li>Thematic: present stem +&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> + 3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Future Tense<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>All Verbs: verb stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> + 3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Aorist Tense<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>First Aorist: verb stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> + 3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<li>Second Aorist Thematic: verb stem +&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> + 3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<li>Second Aorist Athematic: verb stem&nbsp;+ <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> + 3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Participles: Middle Voice<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Middle Participles<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The pattern for ALL PARTICIPLES in the MIDDLE voice is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>tense stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> + 2-1-2 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In other words, to form the PRESENT, FUTURE, or AORIST middle participle:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>simply add \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7<\/span> \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span> to the appropriate tense stem<\/li>\n<li>thematic (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>) verbs add an \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span> before these endings: &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7<\/span> \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The ACCENT for all middle participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>recedes to the ANTEPENULT when possible<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Present Middle Thematic Participles<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 383; GPH p. 187)\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bb\u03c5\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Future Middle Participles<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 383; GPH p. 189)\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Middle Participles: Athematic Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 418; GPH p. 217)\n<ul>\n<li>Present:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 -\u03b7 -\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH pp. 205, 207)\n<ul>\n<li>Present:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 -\u03b7 \u2013\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Aorist:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 -\u03b7 \u2013\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH pp. 213, 215)\n<ul>\n<li>Present:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 -\u03b7 -\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Aorist:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 -\u03b7 \u2013\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 209)\n<ul>\n<li>Present:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 -\u03b7 -\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Aorist: none<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 777)\n<ul>\n<li>Present:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f31\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 -\u03b7 -\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Aorist:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f15\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 -\u03b7 \u2013\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that for <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, the short vowel sound of their respective stems is used throughout their middle voice forms.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Middle Participles: First Aorist<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 383; GPH p. 192)\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Middle Participles: Second Aorist Thematic<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 384; GPH p. 194)\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Aorist Passive Participle<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Recall that the marker &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>&#8211; means an AORIST is PASSIVE or INTRANSITIVE. In the participle, the &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span>&#8211; shortens to &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>-.&nbsp;As a result, the pattern for the AORIST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>verb stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> + 3-1-3 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sound changes yield the following endings for the NOMINATIVE SINGULAR of AORIST PASSIVE participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c2<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c2<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4<\/span>\u2192) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Note that the persistent ACCENT remains on the &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>&#8211; sound. In other words,&nbsp;to form the aorist passive participle, add &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c2<\/span> \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span> \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd<\/span> to the verb stem.<\/p>\n<p>Aorist Passive Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;<em>loosen<\/em>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 195)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;F<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211; \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 &#8211;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>FIRST AORIST ACTIVE PARTICIPLES<\/li>\n<li>SECOND AORIST ACTIVE PARTICIPLES<\/li>\n<li>MIDDLE PARTICIPLES<\/li>\n<li>AORIST PASSIVE PARTICIPLES<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>\u0399.&nbsp;Fill in the blank.<\/p>\n<p>1. FIRST AORIST ACTIVE participles are formed according to the following pattern:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>______ stem + ______+&nbsp;______ adjective endings\n<ul>\n<li>&nbsp;______ declension endings for the MASCULINE and NEUTER<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;______ declension endings for the FEMININE (- ______ in the nom. and acc. sing.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2\u2192-\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c2\u2192) \u2013 ______<\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1\u2192-\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1\u2192) \u2013 ______<\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u2192) \u2013 ______<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>2. For thematic SECOND AORIST ACTIVE participles, the thematic vowel ______&nbsp;is added before the ______ &nbsp;marker, producing the following pattern:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>______ stem +&nbsp; ______&nbsp;+&nbsp;______ adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2\u2192-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c2\u2192) \u2013 ______<\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1\u2192-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1\u2192) \u2013 ______<\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u2192) \u2013 ______<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There are two differences between thematic PRESENT and SECOND AORIST&nbsp;ACTIVE participles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stem\n<ul>\n<li>The PRESENT uses the ____________ stem<\/li>\n<li>The SECOND AORIST uses the ____________ stem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Accent\n<ul>\n<li>The PRESENT accents the ____________ of the ____________<\/li>\n<li>The SECOND AORIST accents the ____________ sound<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3. For athematic SECOND AORIST ACTIVE participles, no thematic vowel is added before the&nbsp;______ marker.&nbsp;Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: (-\u03bd\u03c4\u03c2\u2192-\u03bd\u03c2\u2192) \u2013______<\/li>\n<li>Feminine: (-\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1\u2192-\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1\u2192) \u2013______<\/li>\n<li>Neuter: (-\u03bd\u03c4\u2192) \u2013______<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, and \u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, the&nbsp;AORIST ACTIVE participle is identical with the PRESENT ACTIVE participle except for the ____________ in the present.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>4.&nbsp;The pattern for ALL PARTICIPLES in the MIDDLE voice is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>______ stem + ______ + ______ adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>5. The&nbsp;pattern for the AORIST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>______ stem + ______ + ______ + ______ adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0399\u0399. Declining.<\/p>\n<p>1. Provide the NOMINATIVE and GENITIVE SINGULAR, in all genders, of the AORIST MIDDLE and AORIST PASSIVE participle of \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9, \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f10\u03ba\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 <i>order<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>2. Provide the NOMINATIVE and GENITIVE SINGULAR, in all genders, of the PRESENT MIDDLE and AORIST ACTIVE participle of \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bd <em>take, receive.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>III. For each of the participial forms, identify the tense, voice, gender, number, and case. Note that there may be more than one possibility for each category.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03b8\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1<\/li>\n<li>\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3<\/li>\n<li>\u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-195","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/195","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/195\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":196,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/195\/revisions\/196"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/195\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=195"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=195"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=195"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=195"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}