{"id":198,"date":"2017-10-21T19:44:53","date_gmt":"2017-10-21T19:44:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/67-participles-part-three\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:54","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:54","slug":"67-participles-part-three","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/67-participles-part-three\/","title":{"rendered":"Participles: Use and Function"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_2245\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"790\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/10\/i-774.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-197\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-774.jpeg\" alt=\"2011.05.0008\" width=\"790\" height=\"1024\"><\/a> A bilingual (Latin and Greek) grave monument. 1st c. A.D. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Function of Participles<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Now that we have learned how to form participles, let\u2019s see how they are used in Greek.&nbsp;Recall that participles are VERBAL ADJECTIVES.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>VERBAL: participles have tense and voice, and can take objects or introduce clauses or phrases<\/li>\n<li>ADJECTIVAL: participles have gender, number, and case that matches the antecedent (usually a noun or pronoun)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When used in a sentence, a participle can perform three basic functions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ATTRIBUTIVE: when a definite article precedes it (i.e., falls in the attributive position).\n<ul>\n<li>In this use, the participle is primarily an adjective.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>CIRCUMSTANTIAL: when no article precedes it (i.e., falls in the predicate position).\n<ul>\n<li>In this use, the participle is often translated into English with a dependent clause.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>GENITIVE ABSOLUTE: when a noun and participle form their&nbsp;own independent clause within a sentence.\n<ul>\n<li>In this use, the participle is primarily an adjective.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Attributive Function<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A participle is ATTRIBUTIVE when a definite article precedes it (S 2049-2053).&nbsp;In this use, the participle is primarily an adjective.&nbsp;The participle can refer to a specific person or persons doing the action or to the whole class of people who perform this action.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd.&nbsp;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The men flee.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2... <\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The fleeing men\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>The men who flee\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f50 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span>.&nbsp;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We do not honor those fleeing from battle.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>We do not honor the men who flee from battle<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Circumstantial Participles<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A participle is CIRCUMSTANTIAL when no article precedes it (S 2054-2069). Most participles that you will encounter are, in fact, circumstantial participles. In this use, the participle introduces the circumstances under which an action occurred. It is often translated into English with a dependent clause.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd. \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.&nbsp;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We are running. We catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We are running and we catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>When we are running, we catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Because we are running, we catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Although we are running, we catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>If we are running, we catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Since we are running, we catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>While we are running, we catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>As long as we are running, we catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Make sure you identify the antecedent of the circumstantial participle correctly.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We catch the horses, while we are running.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span> \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We catch the horses, while they are running.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Tenses of Participles<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The TENSE of the CIRCUMSTANTIAL participle indicates a temporal relationship with the main verb (S 2061). Tenses with a temporal relationship to the main verb function as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The PRESENT participle:\n<ul>\n<li>refers to action happening at the SAME TIME as the main verb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The FUTURE active participle:\n<ul>\n<li>refers to action AFTER the main verb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The AORIST participle:\n<ul>\n<li>often refers to action PRIOR to another verb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Present Circumstantial Participles:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>While we are running, we catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>While we were running, we caught the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span> \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We catch the horses, while they are running away.&nbsp;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Future Circumstantial Participles:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span> \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We catch the horses, while they are about to run away.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In practice, the future active participle often expresses PURPOSE (S 2065):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We were running, when we were about to chase the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>We were running, in order to chase the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Aorist Circumstantial Participles<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u1f24\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f34\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>After the men captured the horses, they led them home.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>\u03a4he men captured the horses, before they led them home.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Negatives<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The negative for a participle is normally <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f50 <\/span>(S 2045):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f50 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Although we were not running, we caught the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For GENERIC ATTRIBUTIVE participles, however, the negative is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ae<\/span>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span> \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We catch horses that do not run.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For CIRCUMSTANTIAL participles expressing a NEGATIVE CONDITION, the negative is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ae<\/span>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We catch horses, if they are not running.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Genitive Absolute<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>You have now seen how Greek often links depictions of actions together by making one or more of the verbs participles. We also know that participles always modify their ANTECEDENTS (i.e., the noun or pronoun that it describes).&nbsp;If the antecedent is not part of the main sentence, however, a problem arises: what should be the case of the noun\/pronoun and participle pair, if they are not connected grammatically with the rest of the sentence?<\/p>\n<p>In this situation, there is sort of a default setting. If the antecedent of the participle is not part of the main sentence, then both this noun and the participle go into the GENITIVE case.&nbsp;This construction is called the GENITIVE ABSOLUTE (&lt; Latin <em>absolutus<\/em>, i.e., \"cast off\u201d or \"freed\" from the rest of the sentence).<\/p>\n<p>The genitive case has no particular meaning other than to mark the phrase as a DEPENDENT CLAUSE consisting of a CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLE and its ANTECEDENT. As such, a genitive absolute is translated like any other circumstantial participle.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>For example, consider the following sentence, which does not have a genitive absolute:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9, \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The enemy arrived, but we were leaving the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In the clause <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9<\/span>, <em>The enemy arrived<\/em>,&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9<\/span> is not part of the main sentence.&nbsp;In such instances, Greeks often preferred to express the dependent clause with a genitive absolute:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03c9\u03bd<\/span> \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>When the enemy arrived, we were (already) leaving the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Context within a passage will help determine the most appropriate translation of a genitive absolute.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>When the enemy had done these things, we left the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Because the enemy had done these things, we left the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Although the enemy had done these things, we left the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>After the enemy had done these things, we left the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Since the enemy had done these things, we left the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span> \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>When the kings had been deposed, the generals occupied the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Because the kings had been deposed, the generals occupied the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Although the kings had been deposed, the generals occupied the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>After the kings had been deposed, the generals occupied the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Since the kings had been deposed, the generals occupied the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">- \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 -<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>ATTRIBUTIVE PARTICIPLE<\/li>\n<li>CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLE<\/li>\n<li>GENITIVE ABSOLUTE<\/li>\n<li>TENSE OF CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLE<\/li>\n<li>FUTURE PARTICIPLES AS PURPOSE<\/li>\n<li>NEGATIVES FOR A PARTICIPLE<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>\u0399. Identify the participles in&nbsp;the Reading Passages that follow this lesson, and provide the following information for each:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tense<\/li>\n<li>Voice<\/li>\n<li>Gender<\/li>\n<li>Number<\/li>\n<li>Case<\/li>\n<li>Antecedent<\/li>\n<li>Function (Attributive, Circumstantial, Genitive Absolute)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2245\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2245\" style=\"width: 790px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/10\/i-774.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-197\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-774.jpeg\" alt=\"2011.05.0008\" width=\"790\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-774.jpeg 790w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-774-231x300.jpeg 231w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-774-768x995.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-774-65x84.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-774-225x292.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-774-350x454.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2245\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bilingual (Latin and Greek) grave monument. 1st c. A.D. Athenian Agora Excavations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Function of Participles<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Now that we have learned how to form participles, let\u2019s see how they are used in Greek.&nbsp;Recall that participles are VERBAL ADJECTIVES.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>VERBAL: participles have tense and voice, and can take objects or introduce clauses or phrases<\/li>\n<li>ADJECTIVAL: participles have gender, number, and case that matches the antecedent (usually a noun or pronoun)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When used in a sentence, a participle can perform three basic functions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ATTRIBUTIVE: when a definite article precedes it (i.e., falls in the attributive position).\n<ul>\n<li>In this use, the participle is primarily an adjective.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>CIRCUMSTANTIAL: when no article precedes it (i.e., falls in the predicate position).\n<ul>\n<li>In this use, the participle is often translated into English with a dependent clause.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>GENITIVE ABSOLUTE: when a noun and participle form their&nbsp;own independent clause within a sentence.\n<ul>\n<li>In this use, the participle is primarily an adjective.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Attributive Function<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A participle is ATTRIBUTIVE when a definite article precedes it (S 2049-2053).&nbsp;In this use, the participle is primarily an adjective.&nbsp;The participle can refer to a specific person or persons doing the action or to the whole class of people who perform this action.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd.&nbsp;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The men flee.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2&#8230; <\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The fleeing men\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>The men who flee\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f50 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span>.&nbsp;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We do not honor those fleeing from battle.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>We do not honor the men who flee from battle<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Circumstantial Participles<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A participle is CIRCUMSTANTIAL when no article precedes it (S 2054-2069). Most participles that you will encounter are, in fact, circumstantial participles. In this use, the participle introduces the circumstances under which an action occurred. It is often translated into English with a dependent clause.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd. \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.&nbsp;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We are running. We catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We are running and we catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>When we are running, we catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Because we are running, we catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Although we are running, we catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>If we are running, we catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Since we are running, we catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>While we are running, we catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>As long as we are running, we catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Make sure you identify the antecedent of the circumstantial participle correctly.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We catch the horses, while we are running.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span> \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We catch the horses, while they are running.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Tenses of Participles<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The TENSE of the CIRCUMSTANTIAL participle indicates a temporal relationship with the main verb (S 2061). Tenses with a temporal relationship to the main verb function as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The PRESENT participle:\n<ul>\n<li>refers to action happening at the SAME TIME as the main verb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The FUTURE active participle:\n<ul>\n<li>refers to action AFTER the main verb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The AORIST participle:\n<ul>\n<li>often refers to action PRIOR to another verb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Present Circumstantial Participles:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>While we are running, we catch the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>While we were running, we caught the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span> \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We catch the horses, while they are running away.&nbsp;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Future Circumstantial Participles:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span> \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We catch the horses, while they are about to run away.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In practice, the future active participle often expresses PURPOSE (S 2065):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We were running, when we were about to chase the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>We were running, in order to chase the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Aorist Circumstantial Participles<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u1f24\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f34\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>After the men captured the horses, they led them home.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>\u03a4he men captured the horses, before they led them home.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Negatives<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The negative for a participle is normally <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f50 <\/span>(S 2045):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f50 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Although we were not running, we caught the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For GENERIC ATTRIBUTIVE participles, however, the negative is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ae<\/span>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span> \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We catch horses that do not run.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For CIRCUMSTANTIAL participles expressing a NEGATIVE CONDITION, the negative is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ae<\/span>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We catch horses, if they are not running.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Genitive Absolute<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>You have now seen how Greek often links depictions of actions together by making one or more of the verbs participles. We also know that participles always modify their ANTECEDENTS (i.e., the noun or pronoun that it describes).&nbsp;If the antecedent is not part of the main sentence, however, a problem arises: what should be the case of the noun\/pronoun and participle pair, if they are not connected grammatically with the rest of the sentence?<\/p>\n<p>In this situation, there is sort of a default setting. If the antecedent of the participle is not part of the main sentence, then both this noun and the participle go into the GENITIVE case.&nbsp;This construction is called the GENITIVE ABSOLUTE (&lt; Latin <em>absolutus<\/em>, i.e., &#8220;cast off\u201d or &#8220;freed&#8221; from the rest of the sentence).<\/p>\n<p>The genitive case has no particular meaning other than to mark the phrase as a DEPENDENT CLAUSE consisting of a CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLE and its ANTECEDENT. As such, a genitive absolute is translated like any other circumstantial participle.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>For example, consider the following sentence, which does not have a genitive absolute:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9, \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The enemy arrived, but we were leaving the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In the clause <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9<\/span>, <em>The enemy arrived<\/em>,&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9<\/span> is not part of the main sentence.&nbsp;In such instances, Greeks often preferred to express the dependent clause with a genitive absolute:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03c9\u03bd<\/span> \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>When the enemy arrived, we were (already) leaving the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Context within a passage will help determine the most appropriate translation of a genitive absolute.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>When the enemy had done these things, we left the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Because the enemy had done these things, we left the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Although the enemy had done these things, we left the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>After the enemy had done these things, we left the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Since the enemy had done these things, we left the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span> \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>When the kings had been deposed, the generals occupied the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Because the kings had been deposed, the generals occupied the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Although the kings had been deposed, the generals occupied the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>After the kings had been deposed, the generals occupied the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Since the kings had been deposed, the generals occupied the city.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211; \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 &#8211;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>ATTRIBUTIVE PARTICIPLE<\/li>\n<li>CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLE<\/li>\n<li>GENITIVE ABSOLUTE<\/li>\n<li>TENSE OF CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLE<\/li>\n<li>FUTURE PARTICIPLES AS PURPOSE<\/li>\n<li>NEGATIVES FOR A PARTICIPLE<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>\u0399. Identify the participles in&nbsp;the Reading Passages that follow this lesson, and provide the following information for each:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tense<\/li>\n<li>Voice<\/li>\n<li>Gender<\/li>\n<li>Number<\/li>\n<li>Case<\/li>\n<li>Antecedent<\/li>\n<li>Function (Attributive, Circumstantial, Genitive Absolute)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-198","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/198","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/198\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":199,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/198\/revisions\/199"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/198\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=198"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=198"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=198"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=198"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}