{"id":205,"date":"2016-06-16T19:43:38","date_gmt":"2016-06-16T19:43:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/70-vocative-and-imperative\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:55","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:55","slug":"70-vocative-and-imperative","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/70-vocative-and-imperative\/","title":{"rendered":"Vocative and Imperative"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_2266\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"920\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/10\/i-4791.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-204\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-4791.jpeg\" alt=\"2009.04.0248\" width=\"920\" height=\"1024\"><\/a> Miniature votive altar dedicated to the goddess Nemesis. 3rd c. A.D. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Vocative Case<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>You have already learned the four most commonly used cases for Greek nouns and adjectives: nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative.&nbsp;This lesson presents the final case: the VOCATIVE.<\/p>\n<p>The vocative case is used for the person or persons directly addressed. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Jurymen<\/span>, I submit the following evidence.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Where are you going, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Odysseus<\/span>?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Most often, the NOMINATIVE forms of nouns and adjectives double as VOCATIVE forms.&nbsp;When Greek speakers were being formal or polite, they would use the marker <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f66<\/span> (like the English \u201cO Brother\u2026\u201d) to signal the vocative case, but it is not necessary, and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f66<\/span>&nbsp;is often best left untranslated in English.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>IDENTICAL NOMINATIVES\/VOCATIVES<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Plural Nouns\/Adjectives<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the plural, ALL NOUNS simply use their NOMINATIVE PLURAL forms for the VOCATIVE:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>You, Athenian men, are betraying your fatherland.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5, \u1f66 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Athenian men, you are betraying your fatherland.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Neuter<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>ALL NEUTER nouns simply use their NOMINATIVE SINGULAR and PLURAL forms for the VOCATIVE:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Child, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Children, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. 1st Declension Feminine<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>ALL 1st DECLENSION FEMININE NOUNS use their NOMINATIVE SINGULAR forms for the VOCATIVE:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>nominative sing.:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7<\/span><\/li>\n<li>vocative sing.:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f66 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f66 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>DIFFERENT NOMINATIVES\/VOCATIVES<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For some declensions, the ending for the MASCULINE and FEMININE SINGULAR VOCATIVE may differ from the NOMINATIVE. In such cases, the vocative is most often formed in one of three ways, none of which offer significant problems of identification:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2nd declension: -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> is replaced with -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span><\/li>\n<li>3rd declension: the stem is used on its own<\/li>\n<li>3rd declension: the stem is shortened to end in an allowable Greek sound<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Replacing -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> with -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span> for 2nd declension nouns\/adjectives<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>All masculine (and feminine) nouns of the 2nd declension change the ending of their stem from \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span> to \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>.&nbsp;Note the similar change in Greek \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03ad, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03cc\u03c2<\/span>: stem = <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf<\/span>-)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Brother, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Using the stem of 3rd declension nouns\/adjectives<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Some masculine and feminine nouns\/adjectives \u2013 e.g., those whose stems end in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c1<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>, and -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span> \u2013 use just their STEM for the vocative singular. 1st DECLENSION MASCULINE nouns also follow this pattern.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Father, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Mother, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03b8\u03cd\u03b3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Daughter, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Man, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03a3\u03ce\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Socrates, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>King, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Soldier, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. Shortening&nbsp;the stem of 3rd declension nouns\/adjectives<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If a masculine and feminine stem ends in a CONSONANT other than -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c1<\/span> or -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span>, the STEM DROPS its final consonants until the word reaches an allowable final sound. For example:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1<\/span>;&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03b3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span> (stem = <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba<\/span>-)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Woman, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span> (stem = <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4<\/span>-)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Child, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f66 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f76, \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/span> (stem = <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b4<\/span>-)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Fatherland, you are being betrayed by the children.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Adjectives form the vocative just as nouns do. Note the following examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1f72 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Evil king, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Evil queen, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u1f72\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>True king, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Imperative Mood<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>You have already learned two moods of Greek verbs: the INDICATIVE and INFINITIVE.&nbsp;This lesson presents one more mood: the IMPERATIVE.<\/p>\n<p>The imperative mood conveys a COMMAND for someone to perform the action of the verb.&nbsp;The imperative mood exists in all voices, but occurs in only TWO TENSES:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present<\/li>\n<li>aorist<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The tenses of the imperative mood indicate ASPECT:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present: ongoing aspect\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;<em>Hold on!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>aorist: simple\/unmarked aspect\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad<\/span>&nbsp;<em>Get it!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As you review the following imperative endings, it will be useful to download and consult the summary of imperative endings, available here:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/10\/Imperative-Chart.pdf\">Imperative Chart<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>2nd PERSON PLURAL: -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> and -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the 2nd PERSON PLURAL of both the PRESENT and AORIST, the IMPERATIVE uses the same personal endings as the INDICATIVE:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> (active)<\/li>\n<li>\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span> (middle)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The use of the vocative is common, though not necessary, when using the imperative mood:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5, \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Men of Athens, release the horses!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5, \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Men of Athens, ransom the horses!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Just as with infinitives, the AORIST IMPERATIVE never receives an AUGMENT.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5, \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Men of Athens, release the horses!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5, \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Men of Athens, ransom the horses!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5, \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/span>.\n<ul>\n<li><em>Men of Athens, get the horses!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5, \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Men of Athens, take the horses (for yourselves)!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>2nd PERSON SINGULAR ACTIVE: -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the 2nd SINGULAR ACTIVE of both the PRESENT and SECOND AORIST verbs, the imperative regularly uses the personal ending \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5 <\/span>(S 466a). This is the most common ending, in fact, for 2nd person singular active imperatives.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u1fe6\u03b5, \u1f66 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>King, release your horse!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5, \u1f66 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>King, hold on to your horse!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03af\u03c0\u03b5, \u1f66 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>King, leave your horse!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Note that five thematic SECOND AORIST imperatives accent their ULTIMA, rather than following the rule of recessive accent (S 424b):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03c0\u03ad<\/span> <em>Say! <\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b8\u03ad<\/span> <em>Come! <\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f51\u03c1\u03ad<\/span> <em>Find! <\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f30\u03b4\u03ad<\/span> <em>See! <\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad<\/span> <em>Take!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In the PRESENT TENSE, the ending \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span> contracts with the verb stem of some \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs (S 746b):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03b5<\/span> &lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Take the money for me!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03b5<\/span> &lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Give me the money!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03b5<\/span> &lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Throw the money!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd.<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5<\/span> &lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Stand up the horse!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>2nd PERSON SINGULAR ACTIVE: -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the SECOND AORIST TENSE, a few imperatives&nbsp;use the \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span> ending (S 466b):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u1f72\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/span> (&lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Take the money!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/span> (&lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Give me the money!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f15\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/span> (&lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Throw the money!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The 2nd singular AORIST imperative of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9<\/span> also uses the&nbsp; \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span> ending:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c7\u1f72\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/span> (&lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9<\/span>)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Hold onto the money!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>2nd PERSON SINGULAR ACTIVE: -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>An archaic imperative ending for the 2nd singular active was \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b9<\/span>, which by the Classical period survived in only a few instances (S 466a):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03b8\u03b9<\/span>. (aorist &lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>) <em>Stand!<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03ac\u03b8\u03b9<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b1\u03b8\u03af<\/span> (present &lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af<\/span>) <em>Speak!<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd<\/span>. (aorist &lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/span>) <em>Know thyself!<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f34\u03b8\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;(present &lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f36\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, <em>go<\/em>) <em>Go!<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f34\u03c3\u03b8\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;(present &lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> and perfect &lt;&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1<\/span>) <em>Be\u2026!<\/em> or <em>Know!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The rare aorist passive\/intransitive imperative uses \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b9<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b9<\/span> = <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9<\/span>. (&lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>) <em>Be free!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Remember that as a general rule of pronunciation in Greek, two consecutive syllables cannot each have aspiration (S 125b). So in this case, \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>\u2013 keeps the aspiration and the imperative ending loses the aspiration: \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b9<\/span> \u2192 \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>2nd PERSON SINGULAR MIDDLE:&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the 2nd singular MIDDLE of both the PRESENT and SECOND AORIST, the imperative uses the personal ending \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03bf<\/span>, which contracts for THEMATIC&nbsp;verbs (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> \u2192 -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>), as it does in the indicative.<\/p>\n<p>In the 2nd singular PRESENT MIDDLE, the accent is on the PENULT:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5, \u1f66 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>King, ransom the horses!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In the 2nd singular SECOND AORIST MIDDLE, the accent is a CIRCUMFLEX on the ULTIMA:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f66 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>King, take the horse (for yourself)!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>1st AORIST: 2nd PERSON ACTIVE (\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>) AND MIDDLE (\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A FIRST AORIST (those marked by \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2013) in the imperative uses the personal ending \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span> in the 2nd singular active and \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> in the 2nd singular middle:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u1fe6\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f66 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>King, release the horses!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f66 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>King, ransom the horses!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Beware that this 2nd singular imperative is easily confused with the FIRST AORIST INFINITIVE active in disyllabic verbs. For verbs of three or more syllables, however, the accent distinguishes between the two:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (imperative, recessive accent on antepenult)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (infinitive, persistent accent on penult)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>3rd PERSON IMPERATIVE!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A Greek speaker uses the imperative mood in the third person to convey to the listener(s) a command for someone else to do something.&nbsp;English does not have 3rd person commands, but traditionally the helper verb <em>let<\/em> translates the idea:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let someone else do it!<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Let it be done!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3rd person imperative endings of both the PRESENT and FIRST\/SECOND AORIST:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>singular: \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c9<\/span> (active) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9<\/span> (middle)<\/li>\n<li>plural: \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span> (active) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd<\/span> (middle)\n<ul>\n<li>&nbsp;\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span> (active) and (\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>) become more common in later Classical and Koine Greek.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3rd PERSON PRESENT TENSE SINGULAR:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (active)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let him\/her release the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (middle)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let him\/her ransom the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3rd PERSON PRESENT TENSE PLURAL:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (active)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let them release the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (middle)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let them ransom the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3rd PERSON FIRST AORIST SINGULAR:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (active)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let him\/her release the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (middle)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let him\/her ransom the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3rd PERSON FIRST AORIST PLURAL:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (active)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let them release the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (middle)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let them ransom the horses<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3rd PERSON SECOND AORIST SINGULAR:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (active)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let him\/her grab the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (middle)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let him\/her grab the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3rd PERSON SECOND AORIST PLURAL:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (active)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let them grab the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (middle)\n<ul>\n<li>Let them grab the horses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3rd PERSON AORIST PASSIVE SINGULAR:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f41 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2.<\/span> (passive)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let the horse be released.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3rd PERSON AORIST PASSIVE PLURAL:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9.<\/span> (passive)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let the horses be released.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>IMPERATIVE: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The imperative of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af <\/span>(verb stem:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f10\u03c3<\/span>-)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>occurs only in the PRESENT ACTIVE (S 770; GPH p. 180).<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Singular<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Plural<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">2nd person<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f34\u03c3\u03b8\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">3rd person<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ae<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Greek uses <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ae<\/span> to negate the imperative mood. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u1fe6\u03b5, \u1f66 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>King, don\u2019t release your horse!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5, \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Men of Athens, don\u2019t ransom the horses!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let them not grab the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f41 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let the horse not be released.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">- \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 -<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>VOCATIVE<\/li>\n<li>IMPERATIVES AND ASPECT<\/li>\n<li>2ND PERSON IMPERATIVE<\/li>\n<li>3RD PERSON IMPERATIVE<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>1. The vocative and nominative endings are always identical in which of the following forms:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>singular<\/li>\n<li>plural<\/li>\n<li>masculine<\/li>\n<li>feminine<\/li>\n<li>neuter<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2. When Greek speakers are being polite or formal, they use the following marker before the vocative:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u1f64<\/li>\n<li>\u1f66<\/li>\n<li>\u1f67<\/li>\n<li>\u1f65<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3. Masculine and Feminine nouns\/adjectives do not always have matching nominative and vocative singular endings. In these cases, what are the three possible ways that these nouns form their singular vocative? Give an example of each type.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>4. Provide the vocative singular and plural for each of the following nouns.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd -\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03cc child<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03ae -\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f21 sister<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 fatherland<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03cc\u03c2 -\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f41 brother<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f41 child<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd -\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03cc demon<\/li>\n<li>\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 -\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41 king<\/li>\n<li>\u03c5\u1f31\u03cc\u03c2 -\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f41 son<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 -\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f21 truth<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f41 father<\/li>\n<li>\u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 -\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f21 daughter<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03bd\u03ae\u03c1, \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f41 man<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>5. The imperative mood in Ancient Greek can be formed in what person(s)?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1st<\/li>\n<li>2nd<\/li>\n<li>3rd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>6. The tense of the imperative verb in Ancient Greek reflects which of the following?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>time in relation to the main verb<\/li>\n<li>time in relation to when the verb was uttered<\/li>\n<li>aspect<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>7. The imperative can be formed in what tenses?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>_______________&nbsp; and &nbsp; __________________<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>8. Provide all the possible imperative forms of the following verbs.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03c9, \u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af, \u1f14\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, ------<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>9. For each of the following imperatives, provide the person, number, tense, and voice. Translate.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u03b6\u1fc6\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b8\u03ad\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03b8\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u1f34\u03c3\u03b8\u03b9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2266\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2266\" style=\"width: 920px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/10\/i-4791.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-204\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-4791.jpeg\" alt=\"2009.04.0248\" width=\"920\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-4791.jpeg 920w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-4791-270x300.jpeg 270w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-4791-768x855.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-4791-65x72.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-4791-225x250.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-4791-350x390.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2266\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miniature votive altar dedicated to the goddess Nemesis. 3rd c. A.D. Athenian Agora Excavations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Vocative Case<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>You have already learned the four most commonly used cases for Greek nouns and adjectives: nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative.&nbsp;This lesson presents the final case: the VOCATIVE.<\/p>\n<p>The vocative case is used for the person or persons directly addressed. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Jurymen<\/span>, I submit the following evidence.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Where are you going, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Odysseus<\/span>?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Most often, the NOMINATIVE forms of nouns and adjectives double as VOCATIVE forms.&nbsp;When Greek speakers were being formal or polite, they would use the marker <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f66<\/span> (like the English \u201cO Brother\u2026\u201d) to signal the vocative case, but it is not necessary, and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f66<\/span>&nbsp;is often best left untranslated in English.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>IDENTICAL NOMINATIVES\/VOCATIVES<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Plural Nouns\/Adjectives<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the plural, ALL NOUNS simply use their NOMINATIVE PLURAL forms for the VOCATIVE:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>You, Athenian men, are betraying your fatherland.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5, \u1f66 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Athenian men, you are betraying your fatherland.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Neuter<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>ALL NEUTER nouns simply use their NOMINATIVE SINGULAR and PLURAL forms for the VOCATIVE:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Child, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Children, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. 1st Declension Feminine<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>ALL 1st DECLENSION FEMININE NOUNS use their NOMINATIVE SINGULAR forms for the VOCATIVE:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>nominative sing.:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7<\/span><\/li>\n<li>vocative sing.:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f66 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f66 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>DIFFERENT NOMINATIVES\/VOCATIVES<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For some declensions, the ending for the MASCULINE and FEMININE SINGULAR VOCATIVE may differ from the NOMINATIVE. In such cases, the vocative is most often formed in one of three ways, none of which offer significant problems of identification:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2nd declension: &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> is replaced with &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span><\/li>\n<li>3rd declension: the stem is used on its own<\/li>\n<li>3rd declension: the stem is shortened to end in an allowable Greek sound<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Replacing &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> with &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span> for 2nd declension nouns\/adjectives<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>All masculine (and feminine) nouns of the 2nd declension change the ending of their stem from \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span> to \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>.&nbsp;Note the similar change in Greek \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03ad, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03cc\u03c2<\/span>: stem = <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf<\/span>-)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Brother, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Using the stem of 3rd declension nouns\/adjectives<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Some masculine and feminine nouns\/adjectives \u2013 e.g., those whose stems end in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c1<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>, and &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span> \u2013 use just their STEM for the vocative singular. 1st DECLENSION MASCULINE nouns also follow this pattern.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Father, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Mother, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03b8\u03cd\u03b3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Daughter, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Man, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03a3\u03ce\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Socrates, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>King, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Soldier, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. Shortening&nbsp;the stem of 3rd declension nouns\/adjectives<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If a masculine and feminine stem ends in a CONSONANT other than &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c1<\/span> or &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span>, the STEM DROPS its final consonants until the word reaches an allowable final sound. For example:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1<\/span>;&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03b3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span> (stem = <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba<\/span>-)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Woman, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span> (stem = <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4<\/span>-)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Child, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f66 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f76, \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/span> (stem = <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b4<\/span>-)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Fatherland, you are being betrayed by the children.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Adjectives form the vocative just as nouns do. Note the following examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1f72 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Evil king, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Evil queen, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f66 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u1f72\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>True king, you are betraying your country.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Imperative Mood<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>You have already learned two moods of Greek verbs: the INDICATIVE and INFINITIVE.&nbsp;This lesson presents one more mood: the IMPERATIVE.<\/p>\n<p>The imperative mood conveys a COMMAND for someone to perform the action of the verb.&nbsp;The imperative mood exists in all voices, but occurs in only TWO TENSES:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present<\/li>\n<li>aorist<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The tenses of the imperative mood indicate ASPECT:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present: ongoing aspect\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;<em>Hold on!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>aorist: simple\/unmarked aspect\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad<\/span>&nbsp;<em>Get it!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As you review the following imperative endings, it will be useful to download and consult the summary of imperative endings, available here:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/10\/Imperative-Chart.pdf\">Imperative Chart<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>2nd PERSON PLURAL: &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> and &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the 2nd PERSON PLURAL of both the PRESENT and AORIST, the IMPERATIVE uses the same personal endings as the INDICATIVE:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> (active)<\/li>\n<li>\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span> (middle)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The use of the vocative is common, though not necessary, when using the imperative mood:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5, \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Men of Athens, release the horses!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5, \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Men of Athens, ransom the horses!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Just as with infinitives, the AORIST IMPERATIVE never receives an AUGMENT.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5, \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Men of Athens, release the horses!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5, \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Men of Athens, ransom the horses!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5, \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/span>.\n<ul>\n<li><em>Men of Athens, get the horses!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5, \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Men of Athens, take the horses (for yourselves)!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>2nd PERSON SINGULAR ACTIVE: &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the 2nd SINGULAR ACTIVE of both the PRESENT and SECOND AORIST verbs, the imperative regularly uses the personal ending \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5 <\/span>(S 466a). This is the most common ending, in fact, for 2nd person singular active imperatives.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u1fe6\u03b5, \u1f66 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>King, release your horse!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5, \u1f66 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>King, hold on to your horse!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03af\u03c0\u03b5, \u1f66 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>King, leave your horse!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Note that five thematic SECOND AORIST imperatives accent their ULTIMA, rather than following the rule of recessive accent (S 424b):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03c0\u03ad<\/span> <em>Say! <\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b8\u03ad<\/span> <em>Come! <\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f51\u03c1\u03ad<\/span> <em>Find! <\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f30\u03b4\u03ad<\/span> <em>See! <\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad<\/span> <em>Take!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In the PRESENT TENSE, the ending \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span> contracts with the verb stem of some \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs (S 746b):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03b5<\/span> &lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Take the money for me!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03b5<\/span> &lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Give me the money!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b5\u03b5<\/span> &lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Throw the money!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd.<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5<\/span> &lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Stand up the horse!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>2nd PERSON SINGULAR ACTIVE: &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the SECOND AORIST TENSE, a few imperatives&nbsp;use the \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span> ending (S 466b):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u1f72\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/span> (&lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Take the money!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/span> (&lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Give me the money!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f15\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/span> (&lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Throw the money!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The 2nd singular AORIST imperative of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9<\/span> also uses the&nbsp; \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c2<\/span> ending:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c7\u1f72\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/span> (&lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9<\/span>)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Hold onto the money!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>2nd PERSON SINGULAR ACTIVE: &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>An archaic imperative ending for the 2nd singular active was \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b9<\/span>, which by the Classical period survived in only a few instances (S 466a):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03b8\u03b9<\/span>. (aorist &lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>) <em>Stand!<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03ac\u03b8\u03b9<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b1\u03b8\u03af<\/span> (present &lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af<\/span>) <em>Speak!<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd<\/span>. (aorist &lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/span>) <em>Know thyself!<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f34\u03b8\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;(present &lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f36\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, <em>go<\/em>) <em>Go!<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f34\u03c3\u03b8\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;(present &lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> and perfect &lt;&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1<\/span>) <em>Be\u2026!<\/em> or <em>Know!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The rare aorist passive\/intransitive imperative uses \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b9<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span> + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b9<\/span> = <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9<\/span>. (&lt; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>) <em>Be free!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Remember that as a general rule of pronunciation in Greek, two consecutive syllables cannot each have aspiration (S 125b). So in this case, \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>\u2013 keeps the aspiration and the imperative ending loses the aspiration: \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b9<\/span> \u2192 \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>2nd PERSON SINGULAR MIDDLE:&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the 2nd singular MIDDLE of both the PRESENT and SECOND AORIST, the imperative uses the personal ending \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03bf<\/span>, which contracts for THEMATIC&nbsp;verbs (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> \u2192 &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>), as it does in the indicative.<\/p>\n<p>In the 2nd singular PRESENT MIDDLE, the accent is on the PENULT:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5, \u1f66 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>King, ransom the horses!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In the 2nd singular SECOND AORIST MIDDLE, the accent is a CIRCUMFLEX on the ULTIMA:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f66 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>King, take the horse (for yourself)!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>1st AORIST: 2nd PERSON ACTIVE (\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>) AND MIDDLE (\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A FIRST AORIST (those marked by \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>\u2013) in the imperative uses the personal ending \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span> in the 2nd singular active and \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> in the 2nd singular middle:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u1fe6\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f66 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>King, release the horses!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f66 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>King, ransom the horses!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Beware that this 2nd singular imperative is easily confused with the FIRST AORIST INFINITIVE active in disyllabic verbs. For verbs of three or more syllables, however, the accent distinguishes between the two:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (imperative, recessive accent on antepenult)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> (infinitive, persistent accent on penult)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>3rd PERSON IMPERATIVE!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A Greek speaker uses the imperative mood in the third person to convey to the listener(s) a command for someone else to do something.&nbsp;English does not have 3rd person commands, but traditionally the helper verb <em>let<\/em> translates the idea:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let someone else do it!<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Let it be done!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3rd person imperative endings of both the PRESENT and FIRST\/SECOND AORIST:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>singular: \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c9<\/span> (active) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9<\/span> (middle)<\/li>\n<li>plural: \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span> (active) \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd<\/span> (middle)\n<ul>\n<li>&nbsp;\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span> (active) and (\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>) become more common in later Classical and Koine Greek.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3rd PERSON PRESENT TENSE SINGULAR:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (active)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let him\/her release the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (middle)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let him\/her ransom the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3rd PERSON PRESENT TENSE PLURAL:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (active)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let them release the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (middle)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let them ransom the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3rd PERSON FIRST AORIST SINGULAR:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (active)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let him\/her release the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (middle)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let him\/her ransom the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3rd PERSON FIRST AORIST PLURAL:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (active)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let them release the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (middle)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let them ransom the horses<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3rd PERSON SECOND AORIST SINGULAR:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (active)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let him\/her grab the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (middle)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let him\/her grab the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3rd PERSON SECOND AORIST PLURAL:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (active)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let them grab the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span> (middle)\n<ul>\n<li>Let them grab the horses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3rd PERSON AORIST PASSIVE SINGULAR:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f41 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2.<\/span> (passive)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let the horse be released.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3rd PERSON AORIST PASSIVE PLURAL:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9.<\/span> (passive)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let the horses be released.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>IMPERATIVE: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The imperative of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af <\/span>(verb stem:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f10\u03c3<\/span>-)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>occurs only in the PRESENT ACTIVE (S 770; GPH p. 180).<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Singular<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Plural<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">2nd person<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f34\u03c3\u03b8\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">3rd person<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ae<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Greek uses <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ae<\/span> to negate the imperative mood. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u1fe6\u03b5, \u1f66 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>King, don\u2019t release your horse!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5, \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Men of Athens, don\u2019t ransom the horses!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let them not grab the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f41 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let the horse not be released.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211; \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 &#8211;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>VOCATIVE<\/li>\n<li>IMPERATIVES AND ASPECT<\/li>\n<li>2ND PERSON IMPERATIVE<\/li>\n<li>3RD PERSON IMPERATIVE<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>1. The vocative and nominative endings are always identical in which of the following forms:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>singular<\/li>\n<li>plural<\/li>\n<li>masculine<\/li>\n<li>feminine<\/li>\n<li>neuter<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2. When Greek speakers are being polite or formal, they use the following marker before the vocative:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u1f64<\/li>\n<li>\u1f66<\/li>\n<li>\u1f67<\/li>\n<li>\u1f65<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3. Masculine and Feminine nouns\/adjectives do not always have matching nominative and vocative singular endings. In these cases, what are the three possible ways that these nouns form their singular vocative? Give an example of each type.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>4. Provide the vocative singular and plural for each of the following nouns.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd -\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03cc child<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03ae -\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f21 sister<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 fatherland<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03cc\u03c2 -\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f41 brother<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f41 child<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd -\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03cc demon<\/li>\n<li>\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 -\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41 king<\/li>\n<li>\u03c5\u1f31\u03cc\u03c2 -\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f41 son<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 -\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f21 truth<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f41 father<\/li>\n<li>\u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 -\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f21 daughter<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03bd\u03ae\u03c1, \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f41 man<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>5. The imperative mood in Ancient Greek can be formed in what person(s)?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1st<\/li>\n<li>2nd<\/li>\n<li>3rd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>6. The tense of the imperative verb in Ancient Greek reflects which of the following?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>time in relation to the main verb<\/li>\n<li>time in relation to when the verb was uttered<\/li>\n<li>aspect<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>7. The imperative can be formed in what tenses?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>_______________&nbsp; and &nbsp; __________________<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>8. Provide all the possible imperative forms of the following verbs.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03c9, \u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af, \u1f14\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, &#8212;&#8212;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>9. For each of the following imperatives, provide the person, number, tense, and voice. Translate.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u03b6\u1fc6\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b8\u03ad\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03b8\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u1f34\u03c3\u03b8\u03b9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-205","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/205","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/205\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":206,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/205\/revisions\/206"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/205\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=205"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=205"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=205"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=205"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}