{"id":212,"date":"2016-06-17T18:02:44","date_gmt":"2016-06-17T18:02:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/73-perfect-system\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:56","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:56","slug":"73-perfect-system","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/73-perfect-system\/","title":{"rendered":"The Perfect System: Part I"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_2376\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"910\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/11\/i-5868.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-211\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-5868.jpeg\" alt=\"2009.04.0349\" width=\"910\" height=\"1024\"><\/a> Fragment of a three-sided tripod base, possibly a Roman choregic monument. 1st-2nd c. A.D. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Perfect System<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>You have learned four tenses of Greek verbs: the present, future, imperfect, and aorist.&nbsp;These lessons present the final tenses, those of the PERFECT SYSTEM.<\/p>\n<p>The tenses of the PERFECT SYSTEM comprise those that refer to completed action.&nbsp;These tenses differ from the other PAST tenses in ASPECT. If the aspect of a past tense verb is COMPLETED (often with a sense of <em>just now completed<\/em>), then in Greek it is expressed by the PERFECT TENSE.<\/p>\n<p>To review, ASPECT is a grammatical term that expresses relationship of the ACTION of a verb and the PASSAGE OF TIME. In other words, aspect describes whether the action, regardless of its tense, was:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Simple.&nbsp;This is a simple action, or an action not marked regarding whether the results of the action are continuing.<\/li>\n<li>Ongoing. This is an action&nbsp;that took place over an extent of time, was habitual, or was more than a single action in some way.<\/li>\n<li>Perfect. This is a completed action that has lasting results. This aspect often reflects a state resulting from past action. For example, if someone has&nbsp;<em>just died<\/em>, then he&nbsp;<em>is dead.&nbsp;<\/em>In fact, it is the resulting state that is often the emphasis of this aspect, not the action of the verb itself. <em>I have made you a drink<\/em>, i.e., <em>your drink is ready<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To see how Greek past tenses differ in aspect, note the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aorist: <em>I walked<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>snapshot of a past action (simple aspect)<\/li>\n<li>the speaker travelled from point A to B<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Imperfect: <em>I was walking\/ used to walk<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>video of past action (ongoing aspect)<\/li>\n<li>the speaker was traveling from point A to B<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Perfect: <em>I have just walked<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>action is completely done, with results still felt in the present (perfect aspect)<\/li>\n<li>the speaker has just now arrived at point B (a resulting state)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Formation: Perfect Active<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Greek tenses of the PERFECT SYSTEM add the following distinctive markers to the verb stem:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The initial sound of the VERB STEM is doubled. This addition, called REDUPLICATION, creates a PERFECT SYSTEM verb stem (S 439).<\/li>\n<li>To mark the ACTIVE voice, verbs add the suffix \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;to the perfect system stem.&nbsp;When adding \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;to the verb stem is too difficult to pronounce, the \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>merges or drops out.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reduplication<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>You may recall that in the present tense, some verbs reduplicated their initial consonant sound,&nbsp;adding an \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;for ease of pronunciation. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03c9<\/span>\u2013 \u2192&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03c9<\/span>\u2013 (present stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A similar process happens for PERFECT SYSTEM, though for this tense stem, an \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>\u2013 is added for ease of pronunciation (S 340). For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>- (perfect stem)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span> \u2192&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span>- (perfect stem)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span> \u2192&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span>- (perfect stem)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03c9<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03c9<\/span>- (perfect stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the Greek verb stem starts with a vowel, an AUGMENT is added.&nbsp;Just as we saw with IMPERFECT verbs, the augment LENGTHENS a short vowel (S 442).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7<\/span> \u2192&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03c1\u03c7<\/span>- (perfect stem)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b8\u03b5\u03bb\u03b7<\/span> \u2192&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03b8\u03b5\u03bb\u03b7<\/span>- (perfect stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Recall that as a general rule, Greek does&nbsp;not allow ASPIRATED CONSONANTS&nbsp;to begin&nbsp;consecutive syllables (S 441).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>\u2192&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>- (perfect stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Recall also that&nbsp;Greeks regularly drop an initial&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span>\u2013 if it comes right before a vowel (S 119). When this happens, the vowel marks this loss by receiving&nbsp;a rough breathing mark.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f11\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span>- (perfect stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013 Marker<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the ACTIVE voice, the marker \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;is added to the PERFECT TENSE STEM. If the stem ends in a DENTAL (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8<\/span>), the dental drops (S 556-560).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>- (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba<\/span>- (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f11\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span>- (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f11\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba<\/span>- (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03c9<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03c9<\/span>- (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba<\/span>- (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>\u2192&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>- (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba<\/span>- (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7<\/span>- (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03ba<\/span>- (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03c9<\/span>- (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03c9\u03ba<\/span>- (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8<\/span>- (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span>- (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb<\/span>- (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba<\/span>- (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that with CONTRACT VERBS, the verb stem vowel LENGTHENS in the PERFECT STEM, just as it does when forming the FUTURE and FIRST AORIST tense stems (S 557)!<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>If the \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;marker is added to a PERFECT TENSE STEM that ends in a LABIAL (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6<\/span>), PALATAL (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c7<\/span>), and most stems ending in a&nbsp;LIQUID (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c1<\/span>),&nbsp;the \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;merges or, more often, simply drops out to ease pronunciation (S 561-573).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span>- (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03ba<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7<\/span>- (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span>- (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span>- (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03c1\u03c7<\/span>- (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03c1\u03c7<\/span>- (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Personal Endings: Active<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Perfect Tense is a PRIMARY TENSE, and uses a variation of the ATHEMATIC primary endings with which you are already familiar.<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span> = I (1st person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> = we (1st person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c2<\/span> = you (2nd person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> = y\u2019all (2nd person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>)&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd person sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9<\/span>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>) = they (3rd person pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 385; GPH p. 90)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Formation: Perfect Middle<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The &nbsp;marker \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013 indicates a PERFECT ACTIVE. To form the PERFECT MIDDLE, simply add the PRIMARY MIDDLE ENDINGS directly to the perfect tense stem.&nbsp;In the next lesson, we discuss what happens when these middle endings are added to consonant stem verbs. For now, note how regular the PERFECT MIDDLE is formed with perfect tense stems that end in a vowel.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(GPH p. 90)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Infinitives<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>To form the INFINITIVE mood, the PERFECT TENSE uses the same endings as -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs, though in the active, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>- is added before the infinitive ending. The persistent accent is on the PENULT.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> = active\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> = middle\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Principal Parts<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Advanced vocabulary lists and lexica give six PRINCIPAL PARTS for Greek verbs. We have already encountered the FIRST THREE principal parts: PRESENT, FUTURE, and AORIST. Mastering these first three principal parts is sufficient for most reading purposes at the beginning and intermediate levels.<\/p>\n<p>The FOURTH PRINCIPAL PART is the PERFECT ACTIVE.<\/p>\n<p>The FIFTH PRINCIPAL PART is the PERFECT MIDDLE.<\/p>\n<p>The SIXTH PRINCIPAL PART we have already met: the AORIST PASSIVE.<\/p>\n<p>These principal parts are given because these tense and voice stems can exhibit minor, but complex, variations (S 369-370; GPH pp. 231-240). Be aware, too, that many verbs never occur (or are extremely rare) in perfect tenses, and so do not even have a fourth or fifth principal part.&nbsp;If you understand the principles of building perfect stems, however, you should be able to recognize them when they appear.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">- \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 -<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>THE PERFECT SYSTEM AND ASPECT<\/li>\n<li>REDUPLICATION<\/li>\n<li>PERFECT TENSE STEM<\/li>\n<li>\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;MARKER<\/li>\n<li>FOURTH PRINCIPAL PART<\/li>\n<li>FIFTH PRINCIPAL PART<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. Greek verbs can express one of three ASPECTS. What are they? For each, give the past tense Greek verb that expresses this aspect.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">2.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">3.<\/p>\n<p>2. All verbs of the PERFECT SYSTEM &nbsp;_______________&nbsp; the initial sound of the verb stem, an addition that is called &nbsp; __________________ .<\/p>\n<p>3. The tense marker of the PERFECT ACTIVE is&nbsp; __________________ .<\/p>\n<p>4. The personal endings for the PERFECT ACTIVE resemble the primary endings of the &nbsp; _______________&nbsp; conjugation.<\/p>\n<p>5.&nbsp;Conjugate the PERFECT ACTIVE of the following verbs.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c6\u03cd\u03c9, \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, ----, \u1f10\u03c6\u03cd\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b8\u03cd\u03c9, \u03b8\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c4\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9, \u1f04\u03c1\u03be\u03c9, \u1f24\u03c1\u03be\u03b1, \u1f26\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1, \u1f26\u03c1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f24\u03c1\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>6. Conjugate the PERFECT MIDDLE of the following verbs.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2376\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2376\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/11\/i-5868.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-211\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-5868.jpeg\" alt=\"2009.04.0349\" width=\"910\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-5868.jpeg 910w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-5868-267x300.jpeg 267w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-5868-768x864.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-5868-65x73.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-5868-225x253.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/10\/i-5868-350x394.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 910px) 100vw, 910px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2376\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fragment of a three-sided tripod base, possibly a Roman choregic monument. 1st-2nd c. A.D. Athenian Agora Excavations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Perfect System<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>You have learned four tenses of Greek verbs: the present, future, imperfect, and aorist.&nbsp;These lessons present the final tenses, those of the PERFECT SYSTEM.<\/p>\n<p>The tenses of the PERFECT SYSTEM comprise those that refer to completed action.&nbsp;These tenses differ from the other PAST tenses in ASPECT. If the aspect of a past tense verb is COMPLETED (often with a sense of <em>just now completed<\/em>), then in Greek it is expressed by the PERFECT TENSE.<\/p>\n<p>To review, ASPECT is a grammatical term that expresses relationship of the ACTION of a verb and the PASSAGE OF TIME. In other words, aspect describes whether the action, regardless of its tense, was:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Simple.&nbsp;This is a simple action, or an action not marked regarding whether the results of the action are continuing.<\/li>\n<li>Ongoing. This is an action&nbsp;that took place over an extent of time, was habitual, or was more than a single action in some way.<\/li>\n<li>Perfect. This is a completed action that has lasting results. This aspect often reflects a state resulting from past action. For example, if someone has&nbsp;<em>just died<\/em>, then he&nbsp;<em>is dead.&nbsp;<\/em>In fact, it is the resulting state that is often the emphasis of this aspect, not the action of the verb itself. <em>I have made you a drink<\/em>, i.e., <em>your drink is ready<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To see how Greek past tenses differ in aspect, note the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aorist: <em>I walked<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>snapshot of a past action (simple aspect)<\/li>\n<li>the speaker travelled from point A to B<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Imperfect: <em>I was walking\/ used to walk<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>video of past action (ongoing aspect)<\/li>\n<li>the speaker was traveling from point A to B<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Perfect: <em>I have just walked<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>action is completely done, with results still felt in the present (perfect aspect)<\/li>\n<li>the speaker has just now arrived at point B (a resulting state)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Formation: Perfect Active<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Greek tenses of the PERFECT SYSTEM add the following distinctive markers to the verb stem:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The initial sound of the VERB STEM is doubled. This addition, called REDUPLICATION, creates a PERFECT SYSTEM verb stem (S 439).<\/li>\n<li>To mark the ACTIVE voice, verbs add the suffix \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;to the perfect system stem.&nbsp;When adding \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;to the verb stem is too difficult to pronounce, the \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>merges or drops out.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reduplication<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>You may recall that in the present tense, some verbs reduplicated their initial consonant sound,&nbsp;adding an \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;for ease of pronunciation. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03c9<\/span>\u2013 \u2192&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03c9<\/span>\u2013 (present stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A similar process happens for PERFECT SYSTEM, though for this tense stem, an \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>\u2013 is added for ease of pronunciation (S 340). For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span> \u2192&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span> \u2192&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03c9<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03c9<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the Greek verb stem starts with a vowel, an AUGMENT is added.&nbsp;Just as we saw with IMPERFECT verbs, the augment LENGTHENS a short vowel (S 442).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7<\/span> \u2192&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03c1\u03c7<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b8\u03b5\u03bb\u03b7<\/span> \u2192&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03b8\u03b5\u03bb\u03b7<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Recall that as a general rule, Greek does&nbsp;not allow ASPIRATED CONSONANTS&nbsp;to begin&nbsp;consecutive syllables (S 441).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>\u2192&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Recall also that&nbsp;Greeks regularly drop an initial&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span>\u2013 if it comes right before a vowel (S 119). When this happens, the vowel marks this loss by receiving&nbsp;a rough breathing mark.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f11\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013 Marker<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the ACTIVE voice, the marker \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;is added to the PERFECT TENSE STEM. If the stem ends in a DENTAL (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8<\/span>), the dental drops (S 556-560).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba<\/span>&#8211; (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f11\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f11\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba<\/span>&#8211; (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03c9<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03c9<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba<\/span>&#8211; (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>\u2192&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba<\/span>&#8211; (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03ba<\/span>&#8211; (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03c9<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03c9\u03ba<\/span>&#8211; (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span>&#8211; (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba<\/span>&#8211; (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note that with CONTRACT VERBS, the verb stem vowel LENGTHENS in the PERFECT STEM, just as it does when forming the FUTURE and FIRST AORIST tense stems (S 557)!<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>If the \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;marker is added to a PERFECT TENSE STEM that ends in a LABIAL (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6<\/span>), PALATAL (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c7<\/span>), and most stems ending in a&nbsp;LIQUID (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c1<\/span>),&nbsp;the \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;merges or, more often, simply drops out to ease pronunciation (S 561-573).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03ba<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7<\/span>&#8211; (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span>&#8211; (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03c1\u03c7<\/span>&#8211; (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li>+ \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03c1\u03c7<\/span>&#8211; (perfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Personal Endings: Active<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Perfect Tense is a PRIMARY TENSE, and uses a variation of the ATHEMATIC primary endings with which you are already familiar.<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span> = I (1st person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> = we (1st person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c2<\/span> = you (2nd person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> = y\u2019all (2nd person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>)&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd person sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9<\/span>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>) = they (3rd person pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 385; GPH p. 90)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect, Indicative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Formation: Perfect Middle<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The &nbsp;marker \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013 indicates a PERFECT ACTIVE. To form the PERFECT MIDDLE, simply add the PRIMARY MIDDLE ENDINGS directly to the perfect tense stem.&nbsp;In the next lesson, we discuss what happens when these middle endings are added to consonant stem verbs. For now, note how regular the PERFECT MIDDLE is formed with perfect tense stems that end in a vowel.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect, Indicative, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(GPH p. 90)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Infinitives<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>To form the INFINITIVE mood, the PERFECT TENSE uses the same endings as &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs, though in the active, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>&#8211; is added before the infinitive ending. The persistent accent is on the PENULT.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> = active\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> = middle\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Principal Parts<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Advanced vocabulary lists and lexica give six PRINCIPAL PARTS for Greek verbs. We have already encountered the FIRST THREE principal parts: PRESENT, FUTURE, and AORIST. Mastering these first three principal parts is sufficient for most reading purposes at the beginning and intermediate levels.<\/p>\n<p>The FOURTH PRINCIPAL PART is the PERFECT ACTIVE.<\/p>\n<p>The FIFTH PRINCIPAL PART is the PERFECT MIDDLE.<\/p>\n<p>The SIXTH PRINCIPAL PART we have already met: the AORIST PASSIVE.<\/p>\n<p>These principal parts are given because these tense and voice stems can exhibit minor, but complex, variations (S 369-370; GPH pp. 231-240). Be aware, too, that many verbs never occur (or are extremely rare) in perfect tenses, and so do not even have a fourth or fifth principal part.&nbsp;If you understand the principles of building perfect stems, however, you should be able to recognize them when they appear.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211; \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 &#8211;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>THE PERFECT SYSTEM AND ASPECT<\/li>\n<li>REDUPLICATION<\/li>\n<li>PERFECT TENSE STEM<\/li>\n<li>\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;MARKER<\/li>\n<li>FOURTH PRINCIPAL PART<\/li>\n<li>FIFTH PRINCIPAL PART<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. Greek verbs can express one of three ASPECTS. What are they? For each, give the past tense Greek verb that expresses this aspect.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">2.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">3.<\/p>\n<p>2. All verbs of the PERFECT SYSTEM &nbsp;_______________&nbsp; the initial sound of the verb stem, an addition that is called &nbsp; __________________ .<\/p>\n<p>3. The tense marker of the PERFECT ACTIVE is&nbsp; __________________ .<\/p>\n<p>4. The personal endings for the PERFECT ACTIVE resemble the primary endings of the &nbsp; _______________&nbsp; conjugation.<\/p>\n<p>5.&nbsp;Conjugate the PERFECT ACTIVE of the following verbs.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c6\u03cd\u03c9, \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, &#8212;-, \u1f10\u03c6\u03cd\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b8\u03cd\u03c9, \u03b8\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c4\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9, \u1f04\u03c1\u03be\u03c9, \u1f24\u03c1\u03be\u03b1, \u1f26\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1, \u1f26\u03c1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f24\u03c1\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>6. Conjugate the PERFECT MIDDLE of the following verbs.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-212","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/212","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/212\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":213,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/212\/revisions\/213"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/212\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=212"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=212"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=212"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=212"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}