{"id":215,"date":"2017-11-03T20:36:07","date_gmt":"2017-11-03T20:36:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/74-perfect-system-2\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:57","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:57","slug":"74-perfect-system-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/74-perfect-system-2\/","title":{"rendered":"The Perfect System: Part II"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_2375\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.com\/app\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/11\/i-7167.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-214\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-7167.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"897\"><\/a> Fragment of sculpted monument commemorating a tribal victory in the \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03b9\u03c0\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 (team cavalry display) at the Panathenaic games. On the back is the inscription \u039b\u0395\u039f\u039d\u03a4\u0399\u03a3 \u0395\u039d\u0399\u039a\u0391, \"the Leontis tribe won.\" ca. 400 B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Perfect System: Middle Voice<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As we learned in our last lesson, the PERFECT MIDDLE is formed by adding the PRIMARY MIDDLE ENDINGS directly to the PERFECT STEM.&nbsp;If the PERFECT STEM ends in a vowel (e.g. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>-), the inflection pattern is straightforward.&nbsp;If the PERFECT STEM ends in a CONSONANT, however, a number of sound changes arise. Observe the following inflection of the PERFECT MIDDLE of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect Indicative Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span>-) (S 406; GPH p. 96)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The&nbsp;Perfect Middle Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c7\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As you can see, when the final consonant of a PERFECT STEM (here -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>) encounters the initial sound of the middle personal endings, a number of sound changes occur. Though at first blush these sound changes may appear random, they are in fact regular and predictable (S 82-87, 103). In some cases, however, no sound change could ever make the verb comfortable to pronounce in Greek. In such situations, Greek replaces the \u2013 to them \u2013 unpronounceable verb form with a PERIPHRASTIC form, here&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>In all languages, certain verb tenses are expressed not by one inflected form, but by two or more words that together express a single verbal action. Such combinations of words are called PERIPHRASTIC (&lt; Greek <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2<\/span> <em>talking around<\/em> or <em>circumlocution<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>For example, in the English present tense, we can say <em>He goes<\/em> and <em>He does go<\/em>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>He <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">goes<\/span><\/em>: not periphrastic, since the action is expressed in one verb form.<\/li>\n<li><em>He <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">does go<\/span><\/em>: periphrastic, since both words together form one verbal action.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In English, some verb tenses are always periphrastic. In the future tense, for example, we say:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>He <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">will go<\/span>.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As we can see in the above inflection of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, Greeks did not even try to say the 3rd person plural form (which would require somehow pronouncing *<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03ad-\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba-\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>). For this person and number, Greek instead uses a PERIPHRASTIC verb form (S 599). We discuss how to create and inflect these forms later in the lesson.<\/p>\n<p>For now, let us review the SOUND CHANGES that do regularly occur when PRIMARY or SECONDARY MIDDLE ENDINGS meet consonant stems, i.e., stems that end in labials, palatals, dentals, or nasals. (Note: A handout of the following charts is available for download here: <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.com\/app\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/11\/Perfect-Middle-Consonant-Chart.pdf\">Perfect Middle Consonant Chart<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 78px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Labials (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2, \u03c0, \u03c6<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Palatals (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba, \u03b3, \u03c7<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 104px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Dentals (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4, \u03b4, \u03b8, \u03b6<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Nasals (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd, \u03bc<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 78px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Before<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&nbsp;Becomes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Becomes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 104px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Becomes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Becomes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 78px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc <\/span>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>\u2026)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 104px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 78px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3 <\/span>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03bf<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03be&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 104px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(drops out)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">[not used]<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 78px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf<\/span>)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 104px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 78px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8 <\/span>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5, \u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c7\u03b8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 104px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Or, to put it another way:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Labials (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2, \u03c0, \u03c6<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Palatals (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba, \u03b3, \u03c7<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Dentals (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4, \u03b4, \u03b8, \u03b6<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Nasals (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd, \u03bc<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Before<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Becomes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Becomes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Becomes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Becomes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc <\/span>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>\u2026)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b3\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3 <\/span>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03bf<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c8\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03be\u03b1\u03b9, \u03be\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">[not used]<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf<\/span>)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp; <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8 <\/span>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5, \u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5, \u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5, \u03c7\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5, \u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5, \u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As you review these charts, note the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span>- drops out when between two consonants, e.g.&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5<\/span> (S 715).<\/li>\n<li>Stems ending in a NASAL (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd, \u03bc<\/span>) do not allow a form that has a personal ending beginning with <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> (e.g. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03bf<\/span>).&nbsp;For example, the&nbsp;2nd person singular of the PERFECT MIDDLE of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6, \u1f14\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1<\/span> (stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>-) should be&nbsp;*<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad-\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd-\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>.<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>Though perhaps acceptable to pronounce to an English speaker,&nbsp;Greeks avoided saying this form, and substituted a PERIPHRASTIC form instead (S 707a).\n<ul>\n<li>(*<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad-\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd-\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> \u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The MIDDLE voice 3rd person plural endings (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> and -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>) do not appear on the chart. This is because Greeks ALWAYS rendered the middle 3rd person plural as a PERIPHRASTIC.&nbsp;(Again, we review how to form PERIPHRASTICS later in the lesson.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>A number of 3rd declension neuter nouns were created by adding -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b1<\/span> -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;endings to verb stems to denote the result of an action (S 841.2). Many of these nouns exhibit the sound changes reflected in the above charts. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;<em>that which is drawn; line<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;<em>that which is shown; pattern; model<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03ad\u03c9<\/span> &nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03cc\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b4\u03cc\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>, <em>that which seems to one; opinion; belief<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> <em>that which defiles; stain; pollution<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> <em>that which appears; apparition; phantom<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Some Paradigms<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Putting it all together, note the following inflections of the PERFECT MIDDLE for consonant stem verbs.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 13\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Perfect Indicative Middle of<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1,&nbsp;\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/span> (stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span>-) (S 406; GPH p. 96)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 13\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The&nbsp;Perfect Middle Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Perfect Indicative Middle of<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b8\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span> (stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8<\/span>-) (S 406)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9&nbsp;\u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The&nbsp;Perfect Middle Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Perfect Indicative Middle of<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f04\u03b3\u03c9, \u1f04\u03be\u03c9, \u1f24\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd,&nbsp;\u1f26\u03c7\u03b1, \u1f26\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f24\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03b3<\/span>-) (S 406; GPH p. 96)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f24\u03b3\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03be\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The&nbsp;Perfect Middle Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03c7\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Perfect Indicative Middle of<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6, \u1f14\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>-) (S 407)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The&nbsp;Perfect Middle Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Perfect System: Active Participles<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The pattern of the PERFECT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE is as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>MASCULINE and NEUTER: perfect stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span> +&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c4<\/span> +&nbsp; 3rd declension endings\n<ul>\n<li>Gradual sound changes resulted in the NOMINATIVE MASCULINE SINGULAR ending \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ce\u03c2<\/span>, NEUTER &nbsp;\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03cc\u03c2 <\/span>(S 301 c)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>FEMININE: perfect stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span> +&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5\u03b9<\/span>- + 1st declension endings&nbsp;(S 301 d)\n<ul>\n<li>1st declension endings for the FEMININE are&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fb0<\/span>&nbsp;in the nom. and acc. sing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The persistent accent is on the VOWEL sound immediately following the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba <\/span>voice marker.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To sum up, the NOMINATIVE SINGULAR of PERFECT ACTIVE participles (S 301 c, d) is as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03ce\u03c2<\/span> (stem: -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4<\/span>)<\/li>\n<li>Feminine: -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c5\u1fd6\u03b1 <\/span>(stem:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03ba\u03c5\u03b9<\/span>)<\/li>\n<li>Neuter: \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2<\/span> (stem: -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4<\/span>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Perfect Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;<em>loosen&nbsp;<\/em>(S 309; GPH p. 196)<\/p>\n<p>Singular:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">M<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&nbsp;F<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&nbsp;N<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Nominative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03ce\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u1fd6\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Genitive<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Dative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u03af\u1fb3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Accusative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u1fd6\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Plural:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">M<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&nbsp;F<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&nbsp;N<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Nominative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u1fd6\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Genitive<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Dative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Accusative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Perfect System: Middle Participles<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Recall that the pattern for ALL PARTICIPLES in the MIDDLE voice is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>tense stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> + 2-1-2 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For the PERFECT MIDDLE PARTICIPLE, note the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The accent remains fixed on the -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd<\/span>- marker (PENULT).<\/li>\n<li>Thematic verbs do NOT add a thematic vowel before the -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2,&nbsp;\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7,&nbsp;\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;ending.<\/li>\n<li>The addition of the -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd<\/span>- marker to consonant stems results in the same sound changes expressed in the charts above.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For example (S 716; GPH p. 197):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2,&nbsp;\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7,&nbsp;\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2,&nbsp;\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7,&nbsp;\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2,&nbsp;\u1f20\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7,&nbsp;\u1f20\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Periphrastic Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Now that we have learned the PERFECT PARTICIPLE, we can turn to the PERIPHRASTIC construction.<\/p>\n<p>Both Greek and English lack single verb forms that are both PERFECT and PASSIVE. Each language uses combinations of a PARTICIPLE and AUXILIARY verb to convey the PERFECT PASSIVE. In English, for example, we say:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The ball <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">has been kicked<\/span>.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To form the PERIPHRASTIC of the perfect tense in the MIDDLE or PASSIVE voice, Greek uses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The form of the PERFECT MIDDLE PARTICIPLE that matches the GENDER and NUMBER of the subject.<\/li>\n<li>The PRESENT tense form of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> that matches the PERSON and NUMBER of the subject.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As discussed above, Greek prefers to have a PERIPHRASTIC construction for the 3rd person plural of PERFECT MIDDLE CONSONANT STEM verbs. Note, though, that even when Greek has a PERFECT MIDDLE that can be expressed in one form, it is not unusual for some authors to use a PERIPHRASTIC construction for all persons and numbers, particularly if the middle form is being used for the PASSIVE voice.&nbsp;Context will usually let you know whether the voice is intended to be MIDDLE or PASSIVE.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Perfect System: Passive Voice<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>or&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The law has been written down.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>The participle <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> is nominative masculine singular, matching the subject, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>. Since the subject is 3rd pers. sing., so is the form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bd<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The laws have been written down.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>The participle <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9<\/span> is nominative masculine plural, matching the subject, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9<\/span>. Since the subject is 3rd pers. pl., so is the form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Perfect System: Middle Voice<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41 \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>.\n<ul>\n<li><em>The boy has shown himself.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span>.\n<ul>\n<li><em>The boys have shown themselves.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>The participle <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9<\/span> is nominative masculine plural, matching the subject, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span>. Since the subject is 3rd pers. pl., so is the form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span>.\n<ul>\n<li><em>The women have shown themselves.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>The participle <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> is nominative feminine plural, matching the subject, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2.<\/span> Since the subject is 3rd pers. pl., so is the form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">- \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 -<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>PERIPHRASTIC VERBS<\/li>\n<li>PERFECT MIDDLE OF CONSONANT STEMS<\/li>\n<li>PERFECT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES<\/li>\n<li>PERFECT MIDDLE PARTICIPLES<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. Fill in the blank chart, available for download here:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.com\/app\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/11\/Perfect-Middle-Consonant-Chart-Blank.pdf\">Perfect Middle Consonant Chart Blank<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2. To form the PERIPHRASTIC of the perfect tense in the MIDDLE or PASSIVE voice, Greek uses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The form of the ________________________ that matches the ____________ and ____________ of the subject.<\/li>\n<li>The ____________ tense form of the VERB ____________ that matches the ____________ and ____________ of the subject.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3. Conjugate the PERFECT MIDDLE of the following verbs.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9, \u1f04\u03c1\u03be\u03c9, \u1f24\u03c1\u03be\u03b1, \u1f26\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1, \u1f26\u03c1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f24\u03c1\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b8\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>4. The pattern of the PERFECT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>MASCULINE and NEUTER: perfect stem + ______ + ______ + ______ declension endings\n<ul>\n<li>Gradual sound changes resulted in the NOMINATIVE MASCULINE SINGULAR ending \u2013______, NEUTER &nbsp;\u2013______<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>FEMININE: perfect stem + ______ +&nbsp;______ + ______ declension endings\n<ul>\n<li>1st declension endings for the FEMININE are ______ in the nom. and acc. sing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The persistent accent is on the VOWEL sound immediately ____________ the ______ voice marker.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>5. The pattern of the PERFECT MIDDLE PARTICIPLE is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>perfect stem +&nbsp; ______&nbsp;+&nbsp;______ adjective endings<\/li>\n<li>The persistent accent is fixed on the&nbsp;______ marker<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>6. For the following verbs, provide the NOMINATIVE and GENITIVE SINGULAR, in all genders, of the PERFECT ACTIVE and MIDDLE PARTICIPLE.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03b8\u03cd\u03c9, \u03b8\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c4\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b8\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f04\u03b3\u03c9, \u1f04\u03be\u03c9, \u1f24\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f26\u03c7\u03b1, \u1f26\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f24\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2375\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2375\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.com\/app\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/11\/i-7167.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-214\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-7167.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"897\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-7167.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-7167-300x263.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-7167-768x673.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-7167-65x57.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-7167-225x197.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-7167-350x307.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2375\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fragment of sculpted monument commemorating a tribal victory in the \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03b9\u03c0\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 (team cavalry display) at the Panathenaic games. On the back is the inscription \u039b\u0395\u039f\u039d\u03a4\u0399\u03a3 \u0395\u039d\u0399\u039a\u0391, &#8220;the Leontis tribe won.&#8221; ca. 400 B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Perfect System: Middle Voice<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As we learned in our last lesson, the PERFECT MIDDLE is formed by adding the PRIMARY MIDDLE ENDINGS directly to the PERFECT STEM.&nbsp;If the PERFECT STEM ends in a vowel (e.g. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>-), the inflection pattern is straightforward.&nbsp;If the PERFECT STEM ends in a CONSONANT, however, a number of sound changes arise. Observe the following inflection of the PERFECT MIDDLE of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect Indicative Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span>-) (S 406; GPH p. 96)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The&nbsp;Perfect Middle Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c7\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As you can see, when the final consonant of a PERFECT STEM (here &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>) encounters the initial sound of the middle personal endings, a number of sound changes occur. Though at first blush these sound changes may appear random, they are in fact regular and predictable (S 82-87, 103). In some cases, however, no sound change could ever make the verb comfortable to pronounce in Greek. In such situations, Greek replaces the \u2013 to them \u2013 unpronounceable verb form with a PERIPHRASTIC form, here&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>In all languages, certain verb tenses are expressed not by one inflected form, but by two or more words that together express a single verbal action. Such combinations of words are called PERIPHRASTIC (&lt; Greek <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2<\/span> <em>talking around<\/em> or <em>circumlocution<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>For example, in the English present tense, we can say <em>He goes<\/em> and <em>He does go<\/em>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>He <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">goes<\/span><\/em>: not periphrastic, since the action is expressed in one verb form.<\/li>\n<li><em>He <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">does go<\/span><\/em>: periphrastic, since both words together form one verbal action.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In English, some verb tenses are always periphrastic. In the future tense, for example, we say:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>He <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">will go<\/span>.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As we can see in the above inflection of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, Greeks did not even try to say the 3rd person plural form (which would require somehow pronouncing *<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03ad-\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba-\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>). For this person and number, Greek instead uses a PERIPHRASTIC verb form (S 599). We discuss how to create and inflect these forms later in the lesson.<\/p>\n<p>For now, let us review the SOUND CHANGES that do regularly occur when PRIMARY or SECONDARY MIDDLE ENDINGS meet consonant stems, i.e., stems that end in labials, palatals, dentals, or nasals. (Note: A handout of the following charts is available for download here: <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.com\/app\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/11\/Perfect-Middle-Consonant-Chart.pdf\">Perfect Middle Consonant Chart<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 78px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Labials (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2, \u03c0, \u03c6<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Palatals (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba, \u03b3, \u03c7<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 104px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Dentals (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4, \u03b4, \u03b8, \u03b6<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Nasals (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd, \u03bc<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 78px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Before<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&nbsp;Becomes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Becomes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 104px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Becomes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Becomes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 78px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc <\/span>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>\u2026)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 104px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 78px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3 <\/span>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03bf<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03be&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 104px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(drops out)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">[not used]<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 78px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf<\/span>)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 104px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 78px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8 <\/span>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5, \u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c7\u03b8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 104px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Or, to put it another way:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Labials (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2, \u03c0, \u03c6<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Palatals (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba, \u03b3, \u03c7<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Dentals (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4, \u03b4, \u03b8, \u03b6<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Nasals (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd, \u03bc<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Before<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Becomes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Becomes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Becomes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Becomes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc <\/span>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>\u2026)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b3\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3 <\/span>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03bf<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c8\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03be\u03b1\u03b9, \u03be\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">[not used]<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf<\/span>)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp; <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8 <\/span>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5, \u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5, \u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5, \u03c7\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5, \u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5, \u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As you review these charts, note the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span>&#8211; drops out when between two consonants, e.g.&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5<\/span> (S 715).<\/li>\n<li>Stems ending in a NASAL (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd, \u03bc<\/span>) do not allow a form that has a personal ending beginning with <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> (e.g. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03bf<\/span>).&nbsp;For example, the&nbsp;2nd person singular of the PERFECT MIDDLE of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6, \u1f14\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1<\/span> (stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>-) should be&nbsp;*<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad-\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd-\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>.<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>Though perhaps acceptable to pronounce to an English speaker,&nbsp;Greeks avoided saying this form, and substituted a PERIPHRASTIC form instead (S 707a).\n<ul>\n<li>(*<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad-\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd-\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> \u2192)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The MIDDLE voice 3rd person plural endings (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> and &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>) do not appear on the chart. This is because Greeks ALWAYS rendered the middle 3rd person plural as a PERIPHRASTIC.&nbsp;(Again, we review how to form PERIPHRASTICS later in the lesson.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>A number of 3rd declension neuter nouns were created by adding &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b1<\/span> &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;endings to verb stems to denote the result of an action (S 841.2). Many of these nouns exhibit the sound changes reflected in the above charts. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;<em>that which is drawn; line<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;<em>that which is shown; pattern; model<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03ad\u03c9<\/span> &nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03cc\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b4\u03cc\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>, <em>that which seems to one; opinion; belief<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> <em>that which defiles; stain; pollution<\/em><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> <em>that which appears; apparition; phantom<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Some Paradigms<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Putting it all together, note the following inflections of the PERFECT MIDDLE for consonant stem verbs.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 13\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Perfect Indicative Middle of<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1,&nbsp;\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/span> (stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span>-) (S 406; GPH p. 96)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 13\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The&nbsp;Perfect Middle Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Perfect Indicative Middle of<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b8\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span> (stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8<\/span>-) (S 406)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9&nbsp;\u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The&nbsp;Perfect Middle Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Perfect Indicative Middle of<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f04\u03b3\u03c9, \u1f04\u03be\u03c9, \u1f24\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd,&nbsp;\u1f26\u03c7\u03b1, \u1f26\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f24\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03b3<\/span>-) (S 406; GPH p. 96)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f24\u03b3\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03be\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The&nbsp;Perfect Middle Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03c7\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Perfect Indicative Middle of<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6, \u1f14\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>-) (S 407)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The&nbsp;Perfect Middle Infinitive:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Perfect System: Active Participles<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The pattern of the PERFECT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE is as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>MASCULINE and NEUTER: perfect stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span> +&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c4<\/span> +&nbsp; 3rd declension endings\n<ul>\n<li>Gradual sound changes resulted in the NOMINATIVE MASCULINE SINGULAR ending \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ce\u03c2<\/span>, NEUTER &nbsp;\u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03cc\u03c2 <\/span>(S 301 c)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>FEMININE: perfect stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span> +&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5\u03b9<\/span>&#8211; + 1st declension endings&nbsp;(S 301 d)\n<ul>\n<li>1st declension endings for the FEMININE are&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fb0<\/span>&nbsp;in the nom. and acc. sing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The persistent accent is on the VOWEL sound immediately following the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba <\/span>voice marker.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To sum up, the NOMINATIVE SINGULAR of PERFECT ACTIVE participles (S 301 c, d) is as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Masculine: \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03ce\u03c2<\/span> (stem: &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4<\/span>)<\/li>\n<li>Feminine: &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c5\u1fd6\u03b1 <\/span>(stem:<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03ba\u03c5\u03b9<\/span>)<\/li>\n<li>Neuter: \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2<\/span> (stem: &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4<\/span>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Perfect Active Participle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;<em>loosen&nbsp;<\/em>(S 309; GPH p. 196)<\/p>\n<p>Singular:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">M<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&nbsp;F<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&nbsp;N<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Nominative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03ce\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u1fd6\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Genitive<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Dative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u03af\u1fb3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Accusative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u1fd6\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Plural:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">M<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&nbsp;F<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&nbsp;N<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Nominative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u1fd6\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Genitive<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Dative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Accusative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Perfect System: Middle Participles<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Recall that the pattern for ALL PARTICIPLES in the MIDDLE voice is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>tense stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> + 2-1-2 adjective endings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For the PERFECT MIDDLE PARTICIPLE, note the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The accent remains fixed on the &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd<\/span>&#8211; marker (PENULT).<\/li>\n<li>Thematic verbs do NOT add a thematic vowel before the &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2,&nbsp;\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7,&nbsp;\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;ending.<\/li>\n<li>The addition of the &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd<\/span>&#8211; marker to consonant stems results in the same sound changes expressed in the charts above.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For example (S 716; GPH p. 197):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2,&nbsp;\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7,&nbsp;\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2,&nbsp;\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7,&nbsp;\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2,&nbsp;\u1f20\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7,&nbsp;\u1f20\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Periphrastic Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Now that we have learned the PERFECT PARTICIPLE, we can turn to the PERIPHRASTIC construction.<\/p>\n<p>Both Greek and English lack single verb forms that are both PERFECT and PASSIVE. Each language uses combinations of a PARTICIPLE and AUXILIARY verb to convey the PERFECT PASSIVE. In English, for example, we say:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The ball <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">has been kicked<\/span>.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To form the PERIPHRASTIC of the perfect tense in the MIDDLE or PASSIVE voice, Greek uses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The form of the PERFECT MIDDLE PARTICIPLE that matches the GENDER and NUMBER of the subject.<\/li>\n<li>The PRESENT tense form of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> that matches the PERSON and NUMBER of the subject.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As discussed above, Greek prefers to have a PERIPHRASTIC construction for the 3rd person plural of PERFECT MIDDLE CONSONANT STEM verbs. Note, though, that even when Greek has a PERFECT MIDDLE that can be expressed in one form, it is not unusual for some authors to use a PERIPHRASTIC construction for all persons and numbers, particularly if the middle form is being used for the PASSIVE voice.&nbsp;Context will usually let you know whether the voice is intended to be MIDDLE or PASSIVE.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Perfect System: Passive Voice<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>or&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The law has been written down.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>The participle <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> is nominative masculine singular, matching the subject, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>. Since the subject is 3rd pers. sing., so is the form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bd<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The laws have been written down.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>The participle <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9<\/span> is nominative masculine plural, matching the subject, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9<\/span>. Since the subject is 3rd pers. pl., so is the form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Perfect System: Middle Voice<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41 \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>.\n<ul>\n<li><em>The boy has shown himself.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span>.\n<ul>\n<li><em>The boys have shown themselves.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>The participle <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9<\/span> is nominative masculine plural, matching the subject, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2<\/span>. Since the subject is 3rd pers. pl., so is the form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span>.\n<ul>\n<li><em>The women have shown themselves.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>The participle <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> is nominative feminine plural, matching the subject, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2.<\/span> Since the subject is 3rd pers. pl., so is the form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211; \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 &#8211;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>PERIPHRASTIC VERBS<\/li>\n<li>PERFECT MIDDLE OF CONSONANT STEMS<\/li>\n<li>PERFECT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES<\/li>\n<li>PERFECT MIDDLE PARTICIPLES<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. Fill in the blank chart, available for download here:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.com\/app\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/11\/Perfect-Middle-Consonant-Chart-Blank.pdf\">Perfect Middle Consonant Chart Blank<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2. To form the PERIPHRASTIC of the perfect tense in the MIDDLE or PASSIVE voice, Greek uses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The form of the ________________________ that matches the ____________ and ____________ of the subject.<\/li>\n<li>The ____________ tense form of the VERB ____________ that matches the ____________ and ____________ of the subject.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3. Conjugate the PERFECT MIDDLE of the following verbs.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9, \u1f04\u03c1\u03be\u03c9, \u1f24\u03c1\u03be\u03b1, \u1f26\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1, \u1f26\u03c1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f24\u03c1\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b8\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>4. The pattern of the PERFECT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>MASCULINE and NEUTER: perfect stem + ______ + ______ + ______ declension endings\n<ul>\n<li>Gradual sound changes resulted in the NOMINATIVE MASCULINE SINGULAR ending \u2013______, NEUTER &nbsp;\u2013______<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>FEMININE: perfect stem + ______ +&nbsp;______ + ______ declension endings\n<ul>\n<li>1st declension endings for the FEMININE are ______ in the nom. and acc. sing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The persistent accent is on the VOWEL sound immediately ____________ the ______ voice marker.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>5. The pattern of the PERFECT MIDDLE PARTICIPLE is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>perfect stem +&nbsp; ______&nbsp;+&nbsp;______ adjective endings<\/li>\n<li>The persistent accent is fixed on the&nbsp;______ marker<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>6. For the following verbs, provide the NOMINATIVE and GENITIVE SINGULAR, in all genders, of the PERFECT ACTIVE and MIDDLE PARTICIPLE.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03b8\u03cd\u03c9, \u03b8\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c4\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b8\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f04\u03b3\u03c9, \u1f04\u03be\u03c9, \u1f24\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f26\u03c7\u03b1, \u1f26\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f24\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-215","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/215","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/215\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":216,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/215\/revisions\/216"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/215\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=215"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=215"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=215"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=215"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}