{"id":218,"date":"2017-11-14T01:12:41","date_gmt":"2017-11-14T01:12:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/75-pluperfect\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:58","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:58","slug":"75-pluperfect","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/75-pluperfect\/","title":{"rendered":"The Perfect System: Pluperfect"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_2377\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.com\/app\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/11\/p-109.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-217\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/11\/p-109.jpeg\" alt=\"2007.01.1515\" width=\"1024\" height=\"886\"><\/a> Fragment of a Panathenaic Amphora with an inscribed pedestal for a figure. 3rd c. B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Pluperfect<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Greek tenses differ in what is called ASPECT.&nbsp;The PERFECT TENSE states that an action is completed <em>now<\/em>.&nbsp;The PLUPERFECT TENSE reflects the same aspect as the PERFECT, though for an action that was completed <em>in the past<\/em>.&nbsp;For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>I <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">have arrived<\/span>.<\/em> Perfect: the speaker has now arrived.<\/li>\n<li><em>I <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">had arrived<\/span><\/em>. Pluperfect: the speaker arrived some time in the past.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Since the PERFECT and PLUPERFECT TENSES reflect the same aspect in Greek, they both are formed from the PERFECT STEM (S 1852b). As we previously learned, the PERFECT TENSE is a PRIMARY tense. The PLUPERFECT, however, is a SECONDARY tense, and so must be inflected with an augment and secondary endings.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>Pluperfect Active<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Like all indicative past tenses in Greek, the pluperfect adds an AUGMENT. To mark the ACTIVE voice, a \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;is added to the PERFECT STEM.&nbsp;As a result, the pattern to form the PLUPERFECT ACTIVE STEM is as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>augment + perfect stem + \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To this stem are added a variation of SECONDARY personal endings.&nbsp;These endings most closely resemble athematic (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>) verbs.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span> = I (1st sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> = we (1st pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c2<\/span> = you (2nd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> = y\u2019all (2nd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9<\/span> = (s)he, it (3rd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span> = they (3rd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Pluperfect Indicative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 91)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As we previously noted in our discussion of PERFECT STEMS, if&nbsp;the \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;marker is added to a stem that ends in a LABIAL (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0, \u03b2, \u03c6<\/span>), PALATAL (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba, \u03b3, \u03c7<\/span>), and most stems ending in a&nbsp;LIQUID (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb, \u03c1<\/span>),&nbsp;the \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;merges or, more often, simply drops out to ease pronunciation (S 561-573).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span>\u2013 (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03ba<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7<\/span>\u2013 (pluperfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span>\u2013 (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span>\u2013 (pluperfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03c1\u03c7<\/span>\u2013 (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03c1\u03c7<\/span>\u2013 (pluperfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Pluperfect Indicative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1,&nbsp;\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7<\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>Pluperfect Middle<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To form the PLUPERFECT MIDDLE voice, standard secondary endings are added directly to the pluperfect stem:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span> = I (1st sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span> = we (1st pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> = you (2nd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span> = y\u2019all (2nd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf<\/span> = (s)he, it (3rd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span> = they (3rd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Pluperfect Indicative Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 91)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u1f10\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>If the PLUPERFECT STEM ends in a CONSONANT, the same sounds changes that we studied last lesson are the result.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 13\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Pluperfect Indicative Middle of<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1,&nbsp;\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span>-) (S 406; GPH p. 97)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd &nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 13\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Pluperfect Indicative Middle of<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b8\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8<\/span>-) (S 406)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Pluperfect Indicative Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span>-) (S 406; GPH p. 97)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Pluperfect Indicative Middle of<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6, \u1f14\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd <\/span>(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>-) (S 407)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><b>Periphrastic Construction<\/b><\/p>\n<p>As with the perfect middle, Greeks prefer to have a PERIPHRASTIC construction for the PLUPERFECT MIDDLE 3rd person plural of consonant stems. Also like the perfect, the periphrastic consists of a PERFECT PARTICIPLE along with a form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>. In the pluperfect, however, the form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> is IMPERFECT.&nbsp;Context usually lets you know whether the voice is intended to be MIDDLE or PASSIVE.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f26\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The law had been written down.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>The participle <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> is nominative masculine singular, matching the subject,<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f41 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>. Since the subject is 3rd pers. sing., so is the imperfect form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The laws had been written down.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>The participle <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9<\/span> is nominative masculine plural, matching the subject, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9<\/span>. Since the subject is 3rd pers. pl., so is the imperfect form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>.\n<ul>\n<li><em>The women had shown themselves<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>The participle <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> is nominative feminine plural, matching the subject, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2.<\/span> Since the subject is 3rd pers. pl., so is the form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>\u201cI Know\u201d<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The verb <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;<em>know,&nbsp;<\/em>&nbsp;is common in Greek.&nbsp;As a perfect tense verb,&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1<\/span> literally means <em>I have seen\/found out<\/em>.&nbsp;However, it regularly translates as <em>know<\/em> in the present tense:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>you have seen\/found out<\/em>&nbsp;(perfect),<em>&nbsp;<\/em>so now <em>you know <\/em>(present)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Because of its relative antiquity, it retains some irregularities in its formation that must be memorized.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Perfect Indicative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;<em>know<\/em> (S 749; GPH p. 166)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f34\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f34\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>2nd singular imperative: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f34\u03c3\u03b8\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>participle: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03b4\u03ce\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5\u1fd6\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03cc\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The PLUPERFECT literally means <em>had seen\/found out<\/em>, and so regularly means <em>knew<\/em> (in the sense that what you had seen, you knew and understood).<\/p>\n<p>Pluperfect Indicative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1&nbsp;<\/span><em>know<\/em> (S 749; GPH p. 166)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f94\u03b4\u03b7<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f94\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f96\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f94\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f94\u03b4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f94\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f96\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f94\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f94\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f96\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f94\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">The verb stem of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1 <\/span>and<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u1f94\u03b4\u03b7<\/span>&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03b4\u03b7<\/span>) is&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f30\u03b4<\/span>-\/&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03b4<\/span>-\/&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f30\u03b4<\/span>-. Originally the stem was&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03dd\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4<\/span>-\/&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03dd<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4<\/span>-\/&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03dd<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03b4<\/span>- (cf. Latin <em>video<\/em>).&nbsp;Note that this is also the verb stem of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f36\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><em>&nbsp;I saw<\/em> (originally <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03dd\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 431).<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">- \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 -<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>PLUPERFECT TENSE AND ASPECT<\/li>\n<li>PLUPERFECT TENSE STEM<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. The pattern to form the PLUPERFECT ACTIVE STEM is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>____________ + ____________ + ____________<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2.&nbsp;To form the PLUPERFECT MIDDLE voice:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>________________________ directly are added directly to the pluperfect stem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3.&nbsp;To form the PERIPHRASTIC of the pluperfect tense in the MIDDLE or PASSIVE voice, Greek uses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The form of the ________________________ that matches the ____________ and ____________ of the subject.<\/li>\n<li>The ____________ tense form of the VERB ____________ that matches the ____________ and ____________ of the subject.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>4. Conjugate the PLUPERFECT ACTIVE and MIDDLE of the following verbs.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b8\u03cd\u03c9, \u03b8\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c4\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>5. Conjugate the PERFECT and PLUPERFECT ACTIVE of the following verb.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\/\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd, \u1f15\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u1f15\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2377\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2377\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.com\/app\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/11\/p-109.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-217\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/11\/p-109.jpeg\" alt=\"2007.01.1515\" width=\"1024\" height=\"886\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/11\/p-109.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/11\/p-109-300x260.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/11\/p-109-768x665.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/11\/p-109-65x56.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/11\/p-109-225x195.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/11\/p-109-350x303.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2377\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fragment of a Panathenaic Amphora with an inscribed pedestal for a figure. 3rd c. B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Pluperfect<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Greek tenses differ in what is called ASPECT.&nbsp;The PERFECT TENSE states that an action is completed <em>now<\/em>.&nbsp;The PLUPERFECT TENSE reflects the same aspect as the PERFECT, though for an action that was completed <em>in the past<\/em>.&nbsp;For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>I <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">have arrived<\/span>.<\/em> Perfect: the speaker has now arrived.<\/li>\n<li><em>I <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">had arrived<\/span><\/em>. Pluperfect: the speaker arrived some time in the past.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Since the PERFECT and PLUPERFECT TENSES reflect the same aspect in Greek, they both are formed from the PERFECT STEM (S 1852b). As we previously learned, the PERFECT TENSE is a PRIMARY tense. The PLUPERFECT, however, is a SECONDARY tense, and so must be inflected with an augment and secondary endings.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Pluperfect Active<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Like all indicative past tenses in Greek, the pluperfect adds an AUGMENT. To mark the ACTIVE voice, a \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;is added to the PERFECT STEM.&nbsp;As a result, the pattern to form the PLUPERFECT ACTIVE STEM is as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>augment + perfect stem + \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To this stem are added a variation of SECONDARY personal endings.&nbsp;These endings most closely resemble athematic (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>) verbs.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span> = I (1st sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> = we (1st pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c2<\/span> = you (2nd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> = y\u2019all (2nd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9<\/span> = (s)he, it (3rd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span> = they (3rd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Pluperfect Indicative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 91)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As we previously noted in our discussion of PERFECT STEMS, if&nbsp;the \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;marker is added to a stem that ends in a LABIAL (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0, \u03b2, \u03c6<\/span>), PALATAL (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba, \u03b3, \u03c7<\/span>), and most stems ending in a&nbsp;LIQUID (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb, \u03c1<\/span>),&nbsp;the \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>\u2013&nbsp;merges or, more often, simply drops out to ease pronunciation (S 561-573).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span>\u2013 (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03ba<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7<\/span>\u2013 (pluperfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span>\u2013 (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span>\u2013 (pluperfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03c1\u03c7<\/span>\u2013 (perfect stem)\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f20\u03c1\u03c7<\/span>\u2013 (pluperfect active stem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Pluperfect Indicative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1,&nbsp;\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7<\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Pluperfect Middle<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To form the PLUPERFECT MIDDLE voice, standard secondary endings are added directly to the pluperfect stem:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span> = I (1st sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span> = we (1st pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> = you (2nd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span> = y\u2019all (2nd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf<\/span> = (s)he, it (3rd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span> = they (3rd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Pluperfect Indicative Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 91)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u1f10\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>If the PLUPERFECT STEM ends in a CONSONANT, the same sounds changes that we studied last lesson are the result.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 13\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Pluperfect Indicative Middle of<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1,&nbsp;\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6<\/span>-) (S 406; GPH p. 97)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd &nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 13\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Pluperfect Indicative Middle of<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b8\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8<\/span>-) (S 406)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Pluperfect Indicative Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba<\/span>-) (S 406; GPH p. 97)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Pluperfect Indicative Middle of<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6, \u1f14\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd <\/span>(stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>-) (S 407)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><b>Periphrastic Construction<\/b><\/p>\n<p>As with the perfect middle, Greeks prefer to have a PERIPHRASTIC construction for the PLUPERFECT MIDDLE 3rd person plural of consonant stems. Also like the perfect, the periphrastic consists of a PERFECT PARTICIPLE along with a form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>. In the pluperfect, however, the form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> is IMPERFECT.&nbsp;Context usually lets you know whether the voice is intended to be MIDDLE or PASSIVE.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f26\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The law had been written down.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>The participle <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> is nominative masculine singular, matching the subject,<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f41 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>. Since the subject is 3rd pers. sing., so is the imperfect form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The laws had been written down.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>The participle <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9<\/span> is nominative masculine plural, matching the subject, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9<\/span>. Since the subject is 3rd pers. pl., so is the imperfect form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>.\n<ul>\n<li><em>The women had shown themselves<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>The participle <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> is nominative feminine plural, matching the subject, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2.<\/span> Since the subject is 3rd pers. pl., so is the form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>\u201cI Know\u201d<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The verb <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;<em>know,&nbsp;<\/em>&nbsp;is common in Greek.&nbsp;As a perfect tense verb,&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1<\/span> literally means <em>I have seen\/found out<\/em>.&nbsp;However, it regularly translates as <em>know<\/em> in the present tense:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>you have seen\/found out<\/em>&nbsp;(perfect),<em>&nbsp;<\/em>so now <em>you know <\/em>(present)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Because of its relative antiquity, it retains some irregularities in its formation that must be memorized.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Perfect Indicative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;<em>know<\/em> (S 749; GPH p. 166)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f34\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f34\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>infinitive: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>2nd singular imperative: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f34\u03c3\u03b8\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<p>participle: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03b4\u03ce\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5\u1fd6\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03cc\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The PLUPERFECT literally means <em>had seen\/found out<\/em>, and so regularly means <em>knew<\/em> (in the sense that what you had seen, you knew and understood).<\/p>\n<p>Pluperfect Indicative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1&nbsp;<\/span><em>know<\/em> (S 749; GPH p. 166)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f94\u03b4\u03b7<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f94\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f96\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f94\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f94\u03b4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f94\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f96\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f94\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f94\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f96\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f94\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">The verb stem of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1 <\/span>and<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u1f94\u03b4\u03b7<\/span>&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10<\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03b4\u03b7<\/span>) is&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f30\u03b4<\/span>-\/&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03b4<\/span>-\/&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f30\u03b4<\/span>-. Originally the stem was&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03dd\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4<\/span>-\/&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03dd<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4<\/span>-\/&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03dd<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03b4<\/span>&#8211; (cf. Latin <em>video<\/em>).&nbsp;Note that this is also the verb stem of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f36\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><em>&nbsp;I saw<\/em> (originally <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f14\u03dd\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>)<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 431).<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211; \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 &#8211;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>PLUPERFECT TENSE AND ASPECT<\/li>\n<li>PLUPERFECT TENSE STEM<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. The pattern to form the PLUPERFECT ACTIVE STEM is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>____________ + ____________ + ____________<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2.&nbsp;To form the PLUPERFECT MIDDLE voice:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>________________________ directly are added directly to the pluperfect stem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3.&nbsp;To form the PERIPHRASTIC of the pluperfect tense in the MIDDLE or PASSIVE voice, Greek uses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The form of the ________________________ that matches the ____________ and ____________ of the subject.<\/li>\n<li>The ____________ tense form of the VERB ____________ that matches the ____________ and ____________ of the subject.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>4. Conjugate the PLUPERFECT ACTIVE and MIDDLE of the following verbs.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b8\u03cd\u03c9, \u03b8\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c4\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>5. Conjugate the PERFECT and PLUPERFECT ACTIVE of the following verb.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\/\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd, \u1f15\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u1f15\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-218","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/218","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/218\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":219,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/218\/revisions\/219"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/218\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=218"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=218"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=218"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=218"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}