{"id":232,"date":"2016-06-17T18:22:12","date_gmt":"2016-06-17T18:22:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/81-subjunctive\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:36:00","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:36:00","slug":"81-subjunctive","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/81-subjunctive\/","title":{"rendered":"The Subjunctive Mood"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_2599\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"684\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.com\/app\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/11\/i-7396.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-231\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/11\/i-7396.jpeg\" alt=\"2016.04.0028\" width=\"684\" height=\"1024\"><\/a> Inscribed votive stele for the hero Kallistephanos, with a scene from the workshop of a cobbler, Dionysios. 4th c. B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Subjunctive Mood<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>We have already learned three moods of Greek verbs: the indicative, infinitive, and the imperative.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The INDICATIVE mood indicates FACTS about actions or states.<\/li>\n<li>The INFINITIVE mood is a VERBAL NOUN.<\/li>\n<li>The IMPERATIVE mood is used to give COMMANDS.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In this lesson, we introduce another mood: the SUBJUNCTIVE.<\/p>\n<p>The subjunctive mood primarily refers to HYPOTHETICAL actions in the PRESENT or FUTURE, i.e., in the same time covered by the PRIMARY tenses of verbs. There are only three tenses of the subjunctive, each of which express ASPECT, not time:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present<\/li>\n<li>aorist<\/li>\n<li>perfect<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Since the SUBJUNCTIVE mood always refers to hypothetical events, it NEVER has an augment.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Subjunctive Mood: Personal Endings<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>ALL verbs in Greek use exactly the same personal endings to mark the subjunctive mood. These personal endings are THEMATIC PRIMARY endings, though with the thematic vowel&nbsp;lengthened (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span>) (S 457).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>For the ACTIVE voice, the subjunctive personal endings are as follows:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> \u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> \u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span> \u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;= you (2nd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> \u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;= y\u2019all (2nd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9<\/span> \u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc3<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span> \u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>These personal endings are the same form as the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>. For this verb, note that:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The present subjunctive of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> is not enclitic.<\/li>\n<li>Accents and breathing marks are identical in all persons and numbers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Present, Subjunctive, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af <\/span>(S 768; GPH p. 179)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f66<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f66\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f96\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f96<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f66\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>For the MIDDLE voice, the subjunctive personal endings are as follows:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192)&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc3<\/span> = you (2nd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;= y\u2019all (2nd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Subjunctive Mood: Formation<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>All three tenses of the subjunctive use the same set of THEMATIC endings. The tense of the subjunctive is indicated not by any additional markers or endings, but only by the TENSE STEM.&nbsp;To see how to form the subjunctive in its three tenses, let\u2019s take a look at these examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s begin with this verb:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>-<\/li>\n<li>aorist tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3<\/span>-<\/li>\n<li>perfect tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba<\/span>-<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Subjunctive Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 71)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Subjunctive Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 71)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist Subjunctive Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 79)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist Subjunctive Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 71)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect Subjunctive Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 383; GPH p. 92)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>In the PERFECT tense, the forms of the SUBJUNCTIVE mood proved difficult for Greeks to say.&nbsp;Sometimes in the ACTIVE voice, and always in the MIDDLE voice, Greek used the following PERIPHRASTIC forms&nbsp;(S 599, 691):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>perfect active: PERFECT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE followed by the SUBJUNCTIVE form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> .\n<ul>\n<li>e.g. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u1fc3<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u1f7c\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f96<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>perfect middle: PERFECT MIDDLE PARTICIPLE followed by the SUBJUNCTIVE form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> .\n<ul>\n<li>e.g. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f96<\/span> (never <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>- + -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect, Subjunctive, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(GPH p. 92)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f66<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f66\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f96\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f26\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f96<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f66\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p>Now let\u2019s take a look at this verb, in the active voice:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>-<\/li>\n<li>aorist tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2<\/span>-<\/li>\n<li>perfect tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6<\/span>-<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Subjunctive Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist Subjunctive Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 384; GPH p. 84)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect Subjunctive Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p>Finally, let\u2019s take a look at this verb, in the active voice:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5<\/span>-<\/li>\n<li>aorist tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be<\/span>-<\/li>\n<li>perfect tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7<\/span>-<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Subjunctive, Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9 <\/span>(S 418; GPH p. 158)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Subjunctive, Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect, Subjunctive, Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The verbs&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>,&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, and&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> form the PRESENT and AORIST subjunctive by adding the lengthened thematic ending to the short vowel stem, which then contracts (S 749).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Subjunctive, Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 125)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u1ff6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u1ff7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u1ff6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u1ff7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Subjunctive, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 130)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u1ff6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u1ff7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u1ff6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u1ff7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Subjunctive, Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 136)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Second Aorist, Subjunctive, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 140)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Recall that <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>has both a SECOND and FIRST aorist to indicate INTRANSITIVE and TRANSITIVE use, respectively. The first aorist conjugates regularly:<\/p>\n<p>The First Aorist, Subjunctive, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Subjunctive, Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 416; GPH p. 147)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u1ff6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u1fc7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u1fc7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Subjunctive, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 152)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u1ff6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u1fc7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u1fc7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Subjunctive Mood: Main Clause<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As discussed above, the tenses of the subjunctive reflect ASPECT, not time. It may be of no surprise to learn that the PRESENT and AORIST are the most common tenses of the subjunctive&nbsp;that you will encounter. The PERFECT subjunctive appears rarely in Greek (S 691-693).<\/p>\n<p>The Greek subjunctive is used both in MAIN CLAUSES (i.e., as the main verb) and SUBORDINATE CLAUSES. We discuss subordinate clauses in the next lesson. For now, less us look at the use of subjunctives as main verbs.<\/p>\n<p>There are three uses of the subjunctive in main clauses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>hortatory<\/li>\n<li>deliberative<\/li>\n<li>prohibitive<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hortatory Subjunctive<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The HORTATORY subjunctive is used to convey an exhortation, proposal, or request (S 1797-1799). Common characteristics of the hortatory subjunctive are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is used only in the PRESENT or AORIST tense<\/li>\n<li>It is used only in the 1st PERSON, almost always in the PLURAL<\/li>\n<li>The negative is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ae<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>While hortatory subjunctives often express suggestions for action, in other contexts they may serve essentially as 1st person imperatives.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u1f74&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let's not stop the men fleeing from battle.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let's stop the war.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let's free the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let's free the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let's take the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Deliberative Subjunctive<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The DELIBERATIVE subjunctive is used when a speaker is asking himself or herself a question about&nbsp;<em>what to do<\/em> or <em>what to say <\/em>(S 1805-1808).&nbsp;Common characteristics of the deliberative subjunctive are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is used only in the PRESENT or AORIST tense<\/li>\n<li>It is used only in the 1st PERSON<\/li>\n<li>The negative is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ae<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>DELIBERATIVE subjunctives are always found in QUESTIONS. This distinguishes them from HORTATORY subjunctives, which are statements.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Shall we stop the men fleeing from battle?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Shall we stop the war?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Shall I free the horses?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Shall we free the horses?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Shall we take the horses?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Prohibitive Subjunctive<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The PROHIBITIVE subjunctive is used to express prohibitions&nbsp;(S 1800).&nbsp;Common characteristics of the prohibitive subjunctive are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is used only in the AORIST tense<\/li>\n<li>It is usually in the 2nd PERSON (rarely in the 3rd PERSON)<\/li>\n<li>It is always accompanied by the negative&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ae<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Since PROHIBITIVE subjunctives are always in the AORIST tense, they denote simple aspect. If the prohibition requires ongoing aspect,&nbsp;the present imperative is used.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Don't stop the men fleeing from battle.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp;\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Don't stop the war.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Don't free the horses.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Don't free the horses.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Don't take the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2><strong>The Future Indicative vs. The Subjunctive Mood<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Subjunctives, like imperatives, consider future actions. You may have noticed that the 1st person singular of the FIRST AORIST SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE is identical in form with the&nbsp;1st person singular of the FUTURE INDICATIVE ACTIVE:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This is no coincidence. The form of the FUTURE INDICATIVE appears to have developed from the FIRST AORIST SUBJUNCTIVE. In fact, the future indicative and first aorist subjunctive have identical forms in some dialects and in Homer (S 532, 541). The Latin future indicative is also a development from the original Proto-Indo-European (PIE) subjunctive.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">- \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 -<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD AND ASPECT<\/li>\n<li>HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE<\/li>\n<li>DELIBERATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE<\/li>\n<li>PROHIBITIVE SUBJUNCTIVE<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. Conjugate the following verbs in the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af, \u1f14\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2. Conjugate the following verbs in the AORIST SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3. Conjugate the following verbs in the PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>4.&nbsp;For each of the sentences below, a) identify the tense of the subjunctive; b) identify its use (hortatory, deliberative, or prohibitive); and c) translate.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b6\u1ff7\u03b1 \u03b8\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd;<\/li>\n<li>\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03b8\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b6\u1ff7\u03b1.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd;<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03c9;<\/li>\n<li>\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd;<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03c9;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2599\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2599\" style=\"width: 684px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.com\/app\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/11\/i-7396.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-231\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/11\/i-7396.jpeg\" alt=\"2016.04.0028\" width=\"684\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/11\/i-7396.jpeg 684w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/11\/i-7396-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/11\/i-7396-65x97.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/11\/i-7396-225x337.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/11\/i-7396-350x524.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2599\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inscribed votive stele for the hero Kallistephanos, with a scene from the workshop of a cobbler, Dionysios. 4th c. B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Subjunctive Mood<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>We have already learned three moods of Greek verbs: the indicative, infinitive, and the imperative.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The INDICATIVE mood indicates FACTS about actions or states.<\/li>\n<li>The INFINITIVE mood is a VERBAL NOUN.<\/li>\n<li>The IMPERATIVE mood is used to give COMMANDS.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In this lesson, we introduce another mood: the SUBJUNCTIVE.<\/p>\n<p>The subjunctive mood primarily refers to HYPOTHETICAL actions in the PRESENT or FUTURE, i.e., in the same time covered by the PRIMARY tenses of verbs. There are only three tenses of the subjunctive, each of which express ASPECT, not time:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present<\/li>\n<li>aorist<\/li>\n<li>perfect<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Since the SUBJUNCTIVE mood always refers to hypothetical events, it NEVER has an augment.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Subjunctive Mood: Personal Endings<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>ALL verbs in Greek use exactly the same personal endings to mark the subjunctive mood. These personal endings are THEMATIC PRIMARY endings, though with the thematic vowel&nbsp;lengthened (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span>) (S 457).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>For the ACTIVE voice, the subjunctive personal endings are as follows:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> \u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> \u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span> \u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;= you (2nd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> \u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;= y\u2019all (2nd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9<\/span> \u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc3<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span> \u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>These personal endings are the same form as the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>. For this verb, note that:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The present subjunctive of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> is not enclitic.<\/li>\n<li>Accents and breathing marks are identical in all persons and numbers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Present, Subjunctive, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af <\/span>(S 768; GPH p. 179)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f66<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f66\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f96\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f26\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f96<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f66\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>For the MIDDLE voice, the subjunctive personal endings are as follows:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192)&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc3<\/span> = you (2nd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;= y\u2019all (2nd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Subjunctive Mood: Formation<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>All three tenses of the subjunctive use the same set of THEMATIC endings. The tense of the subjunctive is indicated not by any additional markers or endings, but only by the TENSE STEM.&nbsp;To see how to form the subjunctive in its three tenses, let\u2019s take a look at these examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s begin with this verb:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>&#8211;<\/li>\n<li>aorist tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3<\/span>&#8211;<\/li>\n<li>perfect tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba<\/span>&#8211;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Subjunctive Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 71)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Subjunctive Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 71)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist Subjunctive Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 79)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist Subjunctive Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 71)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect Subjunctive Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 383; GPH p. 92)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>In the PERFECT tense, the forms of the SUBJUNCTIVE mood proved difficult for Greeks to say.&nbsp;Sometimes in the ACTIVE voice, and always in the MIDDLE voice, Greek used the following PERIPHRASTIC forms&nbsp;(S 599, 691):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>perfect active: PERFECT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE followed by the SUBJUNCTIVE form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> .\n<ul>\n<li>e.g. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u1fc3<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u1f7c\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f96<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>perfect middle: PERFECT MIDDLE PARTICIPLE followed by the SUBJUNCTIVE form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> .\n<ul>\n<li>e.g. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f96<\/span> (never <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>&#8211; + &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect, Subjunctive, Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(GPH p. 92)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f66<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f66\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f96\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f26\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f96<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f66\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Now let\u2019s take a look at this verb, in the active voice:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>&#8211;<\/li>\n<li>aorist tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2<\/span>&#8211;<\/li>\n<li>perfect tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6<\/span>&#8211;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Subjunctive Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist Subjunctive Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 384; GPH p. 84)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect Subjunctive Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Finally, let\u2019s take a look at this verb, in the active voice:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5<\/span>&#8211;<\/li>\n<li>aorist tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be<\/span>&#8211;<\/li>\n<li>perfect tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7<\/span>&#8211;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Subjunctive, Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9 <\/span>(S 418; GPH p. 158)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Subjunctive, Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect, Subjunctive, Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The verbs&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>,&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, and&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> form the PRESENT and AORIST subjunctive by adding the lengthened thematic ending to the short vowel stem, which then contracts (S 749).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Subjunctive, Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 125)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u1ff6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u1ff7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u1ff6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u1ff7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Subjunctive, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 130)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u1ff6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u1ff7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u1ff6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u1ff7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Subjunctive, Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 136)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Second Aorist, Subjunctive, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 140)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Recall that <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>has both a SECOND and FIRST aorist to indicate INTRANSITIVE and TRANSITIVE use, respectively. The first aorist conjugates regularly:<\/p>\n<p>The First Aorist, Subjunctive, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Subjunctive, Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 416; GPH p. 147)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u1ff6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u1fc7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u1fc7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Subjunctive, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 152)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u1ff6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u1fc7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u1fc7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Subjunctive Mood: Main Clause<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As discussed above, the tenses of the subjunctive reflect ASPECT, not time. It may be of no surprise to learn that the PRESENT and AORIST are the most common tenses of the subjunctive&nbsp;that you will encounter. The PERFECT subjunctive appears rarely in Greek (S 691-693).<\/p>\n<p>The Greek subjunctive is used both in MAIN CLAUSES (i.e., as the main verb) and SUBORDINATE CLAUSES. We discuss subordinate clauses in the next lesson. For now, less us look at the use of subjunctives as main verbs.<\/p>\n<p>There are three uses of the subjunctive in main clauses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>hortatory<\/li>\n<li>deliberative<\/li>\n<li>prohibitive<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hortatory Subjunctive<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The HORTATORY subjunctive is used to convey an exhortation, proposal, or request (S 1797-1799). Common characteristics of the hortatory subjunctive are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is used only in the PRESENT or AORIST tense<\/li>\n<li>It is used only in the 1st PERSON, almost always in the PLURAL<\/li>\n<li>The negative is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ae<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>While hortatory subjunctives often express suggestions for action, in other contexts they may serve essentially as 1st person imperatives.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u1f74&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let&#8217;s not stop the men fleeing from battle.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let&#8217;s stop the war.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let&#8217;s free the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let&#8217;s free the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let&#8217;s take the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Deliberative Subjunctive<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The DELIBERATIVE subjunctive is used when a speaker is asking himself or herself a question about&nbsp;<em>what to do<\/em> or <em>what to say <\/em>(S 1805-1808).&nbsp;Common characteristics of the deliberative subjunctive are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is used only in the PRESENT or AORIST tense<\/li>\n<li>It is used only in the 1st PERSON<\/li>\n<li>The negative is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ae<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>DELIBERATIVE subjunctives are always found in QUESTIONS. This distinguishes them from HORTATORY subjunctives, which are statements.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Shall we stop the men fleeing from battle?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Shall we stop the war?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Shall I free the horses?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Shall we free the horses?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Shall we take the horses?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Prohibitive Subjunctive<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The PROHIBITIVE subjunctive is used to express prohibitions&nbsp;(S 1800).&nbsp;Common characteristics of the prohibitive subjunctive are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is used only in the AORIST tense<\/li>\n<li>It is usually in the 2nd PERSON (rarely in the 3rd PERSON)<\/li>\n<li>It is always accompanied by the negative&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ae<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Since PROHIBITIVE subjunctives are always in the AORIST tense, they denote simple aspect. If the prohibition requires ongoing aspect,&nbsp;the present imperative is used.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Don&#8217;t stop the men fleeing from battle.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp;\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Don&#8217;t stop the war.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Don&#8217;t free the horses.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Don&#8217;t free the horses.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Don&#8217;t take the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2><strong>The Future Indicative vs. The Subjunctive Mood<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Subjunctives, like imperatives, consider future actions. You may have noticed that the 1st person singular of the FIRST AORIST SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE is identical in form with the&nbsp;1st person singular of the FUTURE INDICATIVE ACTIVE:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This is no coincidence. The form of the FUTURE INDICATIVE appears to have developed from the FIRST AORIST SUBJUNCTIVE. In fact, the future indicative and first aorist subjunctive have identical forms in some dialects and in Homer (S 532, 541). The Latin future indicative is also a development from the original Proto-Indo-European (PIE) subjunctive.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211; \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 &#8211;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD AND ASPECT<\/li>\n<li>HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE<\/li>\n<li>DELIBERATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE<\/li>\n<li>PROHIBITIVE SUBJUNCTIVE<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. Conjugate the following verbs in the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af, \u1f14\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2. Conjugate the following verbs in the AORIST SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3. Conjugate the following verbs in the PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>4.&nbsp;For each of the sentences below, a) identify the tense of the subjunctive; b) identify its use (hortatory, deliberative, or prohibitive); and c) translate.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b6\u1ff7\u03b1 \u03b8\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd;<\/li>\n<li>\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03b8\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b6\u1ff7\u03b1.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd;<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03c9;<\/li>\n<li>\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd;<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03c9;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-232","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/232","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/232\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":233,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/232\/revisions\/233"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/232\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=232"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=232"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=232"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=232"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}