{"id":235,"date":"2017-11-18T22:49:07","date_gmt":"2017-11-18T22:49:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/82-optative\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:36:01","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:36:01","slug":"82-optative","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/82-optative\/","title":{"rendered":"The Optative Mood"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_2598\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.com\/app\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/11\/i-7154.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-234\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-7154.jpeg\" alt=\"2010.01.0273\" width=\"1024\" height=\"770\"><\/a> Relief of the Cave of Pan (north slope of the Acropolis), showing divinities gathered at a rustic altar for the birth of a baby (Dionysus or Ion?). The bottom of the relief is inscribed with the name of the dedicator: Neoptolemos, son of Antikles, of the deme Melite. ca.330 B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Optative Mood<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Like the subjunctive, the OPTATIVE mood refers to HYPOTHETICAL actions. As with the subjunctive,&nbsp;there are three tenses, each of which express ASPECT:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present<\/li>\n<li>aorist<\/li>\n<li>perfect<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In rare and specific circumstances, it is possible to create a FUTURE tense of the optative. Since the mood is hypothetical, it NEVER receives an augment.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Optative Mood: Personal Endings<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The personal endings for optative verbs are THEMATIC SECONDARY endings, with one exception:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the active first person singular ending ends in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To mark the optative mood, an -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>- is inserted between the thematic vowel and the personal ending.&nbsp;Inserting this -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>- caused the thematic vowel not to degrade from <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span> to <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>, as it does in other thematic verb inflections.&nbsp;As a result, the thematic vowel remains&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span> throughout all persons and numbers.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a4he importance of inserted -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>- as a marker of the optative mood is reflected by the fact that -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9<\/span> and -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> at the end of optative forms are LONG DIPHTHONGS, not short (S 427).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>ACTIVE personal endings:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> \u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;= you (2nd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> \u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;= y\u2019all (2nd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>MIDDLE personal endings:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-*-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> \u2192 *-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;= you (2nd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;= y\u2019all (2nd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>All tenses of the optative use these endings except for the FIRST AORIST, which replaces the&nbsp;the thematic vowel -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span>- with&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>-.<\/p>\n<p>FIRST AORIST ACTIVE personal endings:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;= you (2nd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;= y\u2019all (2nd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;or -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5<\/span> = (s)he, it (3rd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> or&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>FIRST AORIST MIDDLE personal endings:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;= you (2nd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;= y\u2019all (2nd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While the basic marker of optative mood is the inserted -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>-, for clarity and pronunciation some Greek authors expanded this marker to -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7<\/span>-. This happens most notably in present tense contract verbs and -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs (S 393). When this marker is used, there are two additional changes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the first person singular ends in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li>the third person plural ends in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For example, the present optative of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>&nbsp;(verb stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c3<\/span>-) uses -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7<\/span>- as its optative marker. Note that the original forms (e.g. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c3<\/span>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7<\/span>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span>) have lost their intervocalic <em>sigma&nbsp;<\/em>(S 770).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Present Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af <\/span>(S 768; GPH p. 179)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f36\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f36\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f36\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Optative Mood: Formation<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Like the subjunctive, the tense of the optative is indicated by the TENSE STEM.&nbsp;To see how to form the optative in its three main tenses, let\u2019s take a look at three examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Let\u2019s begin with&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>-<\/li>\n<li>aorist tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3<\/span>-<\/li>\n<li>perfect tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba<\/span>-<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 72)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Optative Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 72)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 80)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist Optative Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 80)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 92)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>In the PERFECT tense, the forms of the OPTATIVE mood proved difficult for Greeks to say.&nbsp;Sometimes in the ACTIVE voice, and always in the MIDDLE voice, Greek used the following PERIPHRASTIC forms&nbsp;(S 599, 694):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>perfect active: PERFECT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE followed by the OPTATIVE form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> .\n<ul>\n<li>e.g. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u1f7c\u03c2<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b7<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>perfect middle: PERFECT MIDDLE PARTICIPLE followed by the OPTATIVE form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> .\n<ul>\n<li>e.g. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7<\/span>&nbsp;(never <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>- + -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>- + -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect Optative Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S GPH p. 93)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p>Now let\u2019s take a look at this verb, in the active voice:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>\u2013<\/li>\n<li>aorist tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2<\/span>\u2013<\/li>\n<li>perfect tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6<\/span>\u2013<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Optative Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist Optative Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 <\/span>(S 384; GPH p. 85)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect Optative Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p>Finally, let\u2019s take a look at this verb, in the active voice:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5<\/span>\u2013<\/li>\n<li>aorist tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be<\/span>\u2013<\/li>\n<li>perfect tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7<\/span>\u2013<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 418; GPH p. 159)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>Contract Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The rules for contract verbs work as expected for the optative. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>However, some Greek authors preferred to mark the present optative of CONTRACT VERBS with the expanded optative mood marker -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7<\/span>-, discussed above with the verb <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>&nbsp;(S 393). When this marker is used, there are two additional changes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the first person singular ends in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li>the third person plural ends in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(cf. S 385; GPH p. 113)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines undefined\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bf\u03af\u03b7<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(cf. S 385; GPH p. 121)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines undefined\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(cf. S 385; GPH p. 104)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines undefined\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Similarly, the verbs&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>,&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, and&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;are essentially CONTRACT forms in the OPTATIVE. These verbs form the PRESENT and AORIST optative by adding the following markers (S 750):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7<\/span>- in the SINGULAR\n<ul>\n<li>1st person in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>- in the PLURAL\n<ul>\n<li>3rd person in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The accent is the result of the short vowel stem contracting with the -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>-. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf<\/span>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03af\u03b7<\/span>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc<\/span>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 126)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 131)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 137)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Second Aorist Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 140)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Recall that <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;has both a SECOND and FIRST aorist to indicate INTRANSITIVE and TRANSITIVE use, respectively. The first aorist conjugates regularly:<\/p>\n<p>The First Aorist Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd <\/span>or<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Optative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 148)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Optative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 153)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Optative Mood: Main Clause<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As discussed above, the tenses of the optative reflect ASPECT, not time. As with the subjunctive mood, the PRESENT and AORIST are the most common tenses that you will encounter (S 696).<\/p>\n<p>There are two uses of the optative in a main clause:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>optative of wish<\/li>\n<li>potential optative<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Optative of Wish<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The OPTATIVE of WISH (cf. Latin&nbsp;<em>opto<\/em>) is used to convey a wish for the future (S 1814-1819). Common characteristics of the optative of wish are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is often (though not always) introduced by <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b3\u03ac\u03c1<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/li>\n<li>The negative is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ae<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>With or without the introductory&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b3\u03ac\u03c1<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>, the optative of wish is translated as <em>may!,<\/em>&nbsp;<em>would that,<\/em>&nbsp;<em>if only<\/em>\u2026<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>May this never happen!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b3\u03ac\u03c1 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><i>If only he would stop the war.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u03b7.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>If only he would give us the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>If only they would free the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Would that we could take the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Potential Optative<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The POTENTIAL OPTATIVE expresses the opinion of the speaker about the possibility or likelihood of an action (S 1824-1834).&nbsp;Common characteristics of the potential optative are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is used always accompanied by the particle <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03bd<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>The negative is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f50.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>POTENTIAL optatives can be translated with <em>may<\/em>, <em>might<\/em>,<em> would<\/em>, or<em> should<\/em>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We might stop the war.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><i>We should stop the men fleeing from battle.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f02\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>He might not be stopping the war.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>He should not stop the war.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u03b7.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>He might be giving the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>He should give the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba&nbsp;\u1f02\u03bd&nbsp;\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Wouldn't they be freeing the horses?<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Shouldn't they be freeing the horses?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Would we take the horses?<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Should we take the horses?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Purpose Clause<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>So far we have only discussed the uses of the subjunctive and optative in MAIN CLAUSES. Now let's consider how these moods are used in SUBORDINATE clauses. We begin with the PURPOSE CLAUSE (S 2193-2206).<\/p>\n<p>A purpose clause is introduced by the following conjunctions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03bd\u03b1<\/span>,<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f61\u03c2<\/span>,<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2<\/span> (<em>so that, in order that<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ae<\/span>,<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f61\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ae<\/span>,<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2&nbsp;\u03bc\u03ae<\/span>, or<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03bc\u03ae <\/span>alone<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(<em>so that\u2026not, in order that\u2026not, lest<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sequence of Moods<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If the MAIN VERB of the sentence is a PRIMARY tense (e.g. present, future, perfect, imperative, subjunctive, optative):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the verb of the purpose clause is SUBJUNCTIVE<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the MAIN VERB of the sentence is a SECONDARY tense (e.g. imperfect, aorist, pluperfect):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the verb of the purpose clause is OPTATIVE (or&nbsp;SUBJUNCTIVE to express vividness)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This pattern (subjunctive following primary main verbs, optative following secondary main verbs) is called the SEQUENCE OF MOODS.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As always, the tenses of SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE denote ASPECT.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f21 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1&nbsp;\u1f96<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>They are doing these things so that the city may be free.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f21 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1&nbsp;\u1f96<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>They will do these things so that the city may be free.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74&nbsp;\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We did these things so that he not free the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74&nbsp;\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The had done these things so that he not free the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f19\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f38\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f49\u03bc\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let's learn Greek in order to read Homer's Iliad.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f19\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u1f61\u03c2&nbsp;\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f38\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f49\u03bc\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We were learning Greek so that we may read Homer's Iliad.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Fear Clause<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Another common subordinate clause in Greek is the FEAR CLAUSE (S 2221-2232). The clause acts essentially as the direct object of a verb of <em>fearing<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>A fear clause is introduced by the following conjunctions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ae<\/span>&nbsp;(<em>that, lest<\/em>)\n<ul>\n<li>expresses the fear that something may or might happen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03bf\u1f50&nbsp;<\/span>(<em>that\u2026not, in order that\u2026not, lest\u2026not<\/em>)\n<ul>\n<li>expresses the fear that something may or might not happen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the fear clause expresses a concern that something <em>is happening<\/em> or <em>has happened<\/em>, the verb in the subordinate clause is INDICATIVE.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>I fear that this is true.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u1f72\u03c2 \u1f26\u03bd<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>I fear that this was true.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If, however, the fear clause&nbsp;expresses a concern that something <em>may or may not happen<\/em> in the future, the clause follows the same SEQUENCE OF MOODS as purposes clauses.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03c2 \u1f96<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>I fear that this may be (i.e. turn out) true.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>They feared that this might be (i.e. turn out) true.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03cc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03bf\u1f50 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>There is a fear that he may not do these things.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03cc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f26\u03bd&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>There was a fear that he would be doing these things.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74&nbsp;\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Don't fear that they may take the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74&nbsp;\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We feared that they might take the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2><strong>The Subjunctive and Optative Mood<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Both subjunctives and optatives consider future action. In some ways, the core distinction between the moods is that the subjunctive expresses apprehension about the future, while the optative expresses hope.<\/p>\n<p>Many of the languages that developed from PIE gradually lost distinct optative forms. Latin, for example, has no optative. (Interestingly, the Latin subjunctive is based morphologically on the PIE optative!).<\/p>\n<p>Distinct optative forms gradually waned in Greek, as well, in the post-Classical world. By the time that New Testament Greek is being written, the optative had all but disappeared, surviving mostly in phrases such as&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03c3\u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd; \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Should we sin because we are not under law but under grace?&nbsp;May this never happen!&nbsp;<\/em>(Romans 6:15)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f36\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03bc\u00b7 \u1f30\u03b4\u03bf\u1f7a \u1f21 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u00b7 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03cc&nbsp;\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1fe5\u1fc6\u03bc\u03ac \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5. \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1fc6\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1fbf \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f41 \u1f04\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>And Mary said, \u201cBehold, the servant of the Lord; may it be for me according to your word.\u201d And the angel departed from her.&nbsp;<\/em>(Luke 1:38)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>By the time modern Greek had developed, the optative form was lost for good.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">- \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 -<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>OPTATIVE MOOD AND ASPECT<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9<\/span> AND -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> AT THE END OF OPTATIVE FORMS<\/li>\n<li>EXPANDED MOOD MARKER -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7<\/span>-<\/li>\n<li>OPTATIVE OF WISH<\/li>\n<li>POTENTIAL OPTATIVE<\/li>\n<li>PURPOSE CLAUSE<\/li>\n<li>SEQUENCE OF MOODS<\/li>\n<li>FEAR CLAUSE<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. Conjugate the following verbs in the PRESENT OPTATIVE ACTIVE.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af, \u1f14\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2. Conjugate the following verbs in the AORIST OPTATIVE ACTIVE<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3. Conjugate the following verbs in the PERFECT OPTATIVE PASSIVE<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>4.&nbsp;For each of the sentences below, a) identify the tense of the subjunctive; b) identify its use (optative of wish or potential optative); and c) translate.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f34\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b6\u1ff7\u03b1<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b6\u1ff7\u03b1 \u03b8\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf.<\/li>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f34\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b8\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b6\u1ff7\u03b1.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9 \u1f02\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b6\u1ff7\u03b1 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f02\u03bd \u03b8\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03bf\u1f50 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f02\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>5.&nbsp;For each of the following fear and purpose clauses, give the tense and mood of both the main verb and the verb in the subordinate clause. Translate the sentence.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u1f10\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bf\u1f50 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bf\u1f50 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u1ff6\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c8\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u1ff6\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u1ff6\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u1ff6\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2598\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2598\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.com\/app\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/11\/i-7154.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-234\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-7154.jpeg\" alt=\"2010.01.0273\" width=\"1024\" height=\"770\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-7154.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-7154-300x226.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-7154-768x578.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-7154-65x49.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-7154-225x169.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-7154-350x263.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2598\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Relief of the Cave of Pan (north slope of the Acropolis), showing divinities gathered at a rustic altar for the birth of a baby (Dionysus or Ion?). The bottom of the relief is inscribed with the name of the dedicator: Neoptolemos, son of Antikles, of the deme Melite. ca.330 B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Optative Mood<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Like the subjunctive, the OPTATIVE mood refers to HYPOTHETICAL actions. As with the subjunctive,&nbsp;there are three tenses, each of which express ASPECT:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present<\/li>\n<li>aorist<\/li>\n<li>perfect<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In rare and specific circumstances, it is possible to create a FUTURE tense of the optative. Since the mood is hypothetical, it NEVER receives an augment.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Optative Mood: Personal Endings<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The personal endings for optative verbs are THEMATIC SECONDARY endings, with one exception:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the active first person singular ending ends in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To mark the optative mood, an &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>&#8211; is inserted between the thematic vowel and the personal ending.&nbsp;Inserting this &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>&#8211; caused the thematic vowel not to degrade from <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span> to <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>, as it does in other thematic verb inflections.&nbsp;As a result, the thematic vowel remains&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span> throughout all persons and numbers.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a4he importance of inserted &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>&#8211; as a marker of the optative mood is reflected by the fact that &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9<\/span> and &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> at the end of optative forms are LONG DIPHTHONGS, not short (S 427).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>ACTIVE personal endings:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> \u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;= you (2nd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> \u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;= y\u2019all (2nd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>MIDDLE personal endings:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-*-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf<\/span> \u2192 *-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;= you (2nd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;= y\u2019all (2nd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>All tenses of the optative use these endings except for the FIRST AORIST, which replaces the&nbsp;the thematic vowel &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span>&#8211; with&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1<\/span>-.<\/p>\n<p>FIRST AORIST ACTIVE personal endings:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;= you (2nd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;= y\u2019all (2nd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;or &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5<\/span> = (s)he, it (3rd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> or&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>FIRST AORIST MIDDLE personal endings:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;= you (2nd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;= y\u2019all (2nd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While the basic marker of optative mood is the inserted &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>-, for clarity and pronunciation some Greek authors expanded this marker to &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7<\/span>-. This happens most notably in present tense contract verbs and &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs (S 393). When this marker is used, there are two additional changes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the first person singular ends in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li>the third person plural ends in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For example, the present optative of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>&nbsp;(verb stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c3<\/span>-) uses &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7<\/span>&#8211; as its optative marker. Note that the original forms (e.g. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c3<\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7<\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03c4\u03bb<\/span>) have lost their intervocalic <em>sigma&nbsp;<\/em>(S 770).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Present Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af <\/span>(S 768; GPH p. 179)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f36\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f36\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f36\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Optative Mood: Formation<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Like the subjunctive, the tense of the optative is indicated by the TENSE STEM.&nbsp;To see how to form the optative in its three main tenses, let\u2019s take a look at three examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Let\u2019s begin with&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>&#8211;<\/li>\n<li>aorist tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3<\/span>&#8211;<\/li>\n<li>perfect tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba<\/span>&#8211;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 72)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Optative Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 72)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 80)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist Optative Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 80)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S 383; GPH p. 92)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>In the PERFECT tense, the forms of the OPTATIVE mood proved difficult for Greeks to say.&nbsp;Sometimes in the ACTIVE voice, and always in the MIDDLE voice, Greek used the following PERIPHRASTIC forms&nbsp;(S 599, 694):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>perfect active: PERFECT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE followed by the OPTATIVE form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> .\n<ul>\n<li>e.g. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u1f7c\u03c2<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b7<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>perfect middle: PERFECT MIDDLE PARTICIPLE followed by the OPTATIVE form of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> .\n<ul>\n<li>e.g. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7<\/span>&nbsp;(never <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>&#8211; + &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>&#8211; + &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect Optative Middle of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;(S GPH p. 93)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Now let\u2019s take a look at this verb, in the active voice:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>\u2013<\/li>\n<li>aorist tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2<\/span>\u2013<\/li>\n<li>perfect tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6<\/span>\u2013<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Optative Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist Optative Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 <\/span>(S 384; GPH p. 85)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect Optative Active of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Finally, let\u2019s take a look at this verb, in the active voice:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>present tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5<\/span>\u2013<\/li>\n<li>aorist tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be<\/span>\u2013<\/li>\n<li>perfect tense stem: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7<\/span>\u2013<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span>(S 418; GPH p. 159)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Perfect Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Contract Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The rules for contract verbs work as expected for the optative. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>However, some Greek authors preferred to mark the present optative of CONTRACT VERBS with the expanded optative mood marker &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7<\/span>-, discussed above with the verb <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>&nbsp;(S 393). When this marker is used, there are two additional changes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the first person singular ends in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li>the third person plural ends in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(cf. S 385; GPH p. 113)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines undefined\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bf\u03af\u03b7<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(cf. S 385; GPH p. 121)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines undefined\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>(cf. S 385; GPH p. 104)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines undefined\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;\u2192) <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Similarly, the verbs&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>,&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, and&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;are essentially CONTRACT forms in the OPTATIVE. These verbs form the PRESENT and AORIST optative by adding the following markers (S 750):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7<\/span>&#8211; in the SINGULAR\n<ul>\n<li>1st person in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>&#8211; in the PLURAL\n<ul>\n<li>3rd person in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The accent is the result of the short vowel stem contracting with the &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>-. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf<\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03af\u03b7<\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc<\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd&nbsp;<\/span>\u2192 <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 126)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 131)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 137)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Second Aorist Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 140)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Recall that <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;has both a SECOND and FIRST aorist to indicate INTRANSITIVE and TRANSITIVE use, respectively. The first aorist conjugates regularly:<\/p>\n<p>The First Aorist Optative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd <\/span>or<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Present, Optative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 148)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Aorist, Optative, Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 153)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b5\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Optative Mood: Main Clause<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As discussed above, the tenses of the optative reflect ASPECT, not time. As with the subjunctive mood, the PRESENT and AORIST are the most common tenses that you will encounter (S 696).<\/p>\n<p>There are two uses of the optative in a main clause:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>optative of wish<\/li>\n<li>potential optative<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Optative of Wish<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The OPTATIVE of WISH (cf. Latin&nbsp;<em>opto<\/em>) is used to convey a wish for the future (S 1814-1819). Common characteristics of the optative of wish are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is often (though not always) introduced by <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b3\u03ac\u03c1<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b8\u03b5<\/span><\/li>\n<li>The negative is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ae<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>With or without the introductory&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b3\u03ac\u03c1<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>, the optative of wish is translated as <em>may!,<\/em>&nbsp;<em>would that,<\/em>&nbsp;<em>if only<\/em>\u2026<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>May this never happen!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b3\u03ac\u03c1 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><i>If only he would stop the war.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f34\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u03b7.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>If only he would give us the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>If only they would free the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Would that we could take the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Potential Optative<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The POTENTIAL OPTATIVE expresses the opinion of the speaker about the possibility or likelihood of an action (S 1824-1834).&nbsp;Common characteristics of the potential optative are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is used always accompanied by the particle <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03bd<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>The negative is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f50.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>POTENTIAL optatives can be translated with <em>may<\/em>, <em>might<\/em>,<em> would<\/em>, or<em> should<\/em>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We might stop the war.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><i>We should stop the men fleeing from battle.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f02\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>He might not be stopping the war.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>He should not stop the war.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u03b7.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>He might be giving the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>He should give the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba&nbsp;\u1f02\u03bd&nbsp;\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Wouldn&#8217;t they be freeing the horses?<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Shouldn&#8217;t they be freeing the horses?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Would we take the horses?<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Should we take the horses?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Purpose Clause<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>So far we have only discussed the uses of the subjunctive and optative in MAIN CLAUSES. Now let&#8217;s consider how these moods are used in SUBORDINATE clauses. We begin with the PURPOSE CLAUSE (S 2193-2206).<\/p>\n<p>A purpose clause is introduced by the following conjunctions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03bd\u03b1<\/span>,<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f61\u03c2<\/span>,<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2<\/span> (<em>so that, in order that<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ae<\/span>,<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f61\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ae<\/span>,<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2&nbsp;\u03bc\u03ae<\/span>, or<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03bc\u03ae <\/span>alone<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(<em>so that\u2026not, in order that\u2026not, lest<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sequence of Moods<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If the MAIN VERB of the sentence is a PRIMARY tense (e.g. present, future, perfect, imperative, subjunctive, optative):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the verb of the purpose clause is SUBJUNCTIVE<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the MAIN VERB of the sentence is a SECONDARY tense (e.g. imperfect, aorist, pluperfect):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the verb of the purpose clause is OPTATIVE (or&nbsp;SUBJUNCTIVE to express vividness)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This pattern (subjunctive following primary main verbs, optative following secondary main verbs) is called the SEQUENCE OF MOODS.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As always, the tenses of SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE denote ASPECT.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f21 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1&nbsp;\u1f96<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>They are doing these things so that the city may be free.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f21 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1&nbsp;\u1f96<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>They will do these things so that the city may be free.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74&nbsp;\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We did these things so that he not free the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74&nbsp;\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The had done these things so that he not free the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f19\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f38\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f49\u03bc\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Let&#8217;s learn Greek in order to read Homer&#8217;s Iliad.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f19\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u1f61\u03c2&nbsp;\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f38\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f49\u03bc\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We were learning Greek so that we may read Homer&#8217;s Iliad.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Fear Clause<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Another common subordinate clause in Greek is the FEAR CLAUSE (S 2221-2232). The clause acts essentially as the direct object of a verb of <em>fearing<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>A fear clause is introduced by the following conjunctions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03ae<\/span>&nbsp;(<em>that, lest<\/em>)\n<ul>\n<li>expresses the fear that something may or might happen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03bf\u1f50&nbsp;<\/span>(<em>that\u2026not, in order that\u2026not, lest\u2026not<\/em>)\n<ul>\n<li>expresses the fear that something may or might not happen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the fear clause expresses a concern that something <em>is happening<\/em> or <em>has happened<\/em>, the verb in the subordinate clause is INDICATIVE.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>I fear that this is true.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u1f72\u03c2 \u1f26\u03bd<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>I fear that this was true.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If, however, the fear clause&nbsp;expresses a concern that something <em>may or may not happen<\/em> in the future, the clause follows the same SEQUENCE OF MOODS as purposes clauses.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03c2 \u1f96<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>I fear that this may be (i.e. turn out) true.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>They feared that this might be (i.e. turn out) true.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03cc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03bf\u1f50 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>There is a fear that he may not do these things.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03cc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f26\u03bd&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>There was a fear that he would be doing these things.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74&nbsp;\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Don&#8217;t fear that they may take the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f10\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u03bc\u1f74&nbsp;\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We feared that they might take the horses.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2><strong>The Subjunctive and Optative Mood<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Both subjunctives and optatives consider future action. In some ways, the core distinction between the moods is that the subjunctive expresses apprehension about the future, while the optative expresses hope.<\/p>\n<p>Many of the languages that developed from PIE gradually lost distinct optative forms. Latin, for example, has no optative. (Interestingly, the Latin subjunctive is based morphologically on the PIE optative!).<\/p>\n<p>Distinct optative forms gradually waned in Greek, as well, in the post-Classical world. By the time that New Testament Greek is being written, the optative had all but disappeared, surviving mostly in phrases such as&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03c3\u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd; \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Should we sin because we are not under law but under grace?&nbsp;May this never happen!&nbsp;<\/em>(Romans 6:15)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f36\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03bc\u00b7 \u1f30\u03b4\u03bf\u1f7a \u1f21 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u00b7 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03cc&nbsp;\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1fe5\u1fc6\u03bc\u03ac \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5. \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1fc6\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1fbf \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f41 \u1f04\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><em>And Mary said, \u201cBehold, the servant of the Lord; may it be for me according to your word.\u201d And the angel departed from her.&nbsp;<\/em>(Luke 1:38)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>By the time modern Greek had developed, the optative form was lost for good.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211; \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 &#8211;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>OPTATIVE MOOD AND ASPECT<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03b9<\/span> AND &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> AT THE END OF OPTATIVE FORMS<\/li>\n<li>EXPANDED MOOD MARKER &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9\u03b7<\/span>&#8211;<\/li>\n<li>OPTATIVE OF WISH<\/li>\n<li>POTENTIAL OPTATIVE<\/li>\n<li>PURPOSE CLAUSE<\/li>\n<li>SEQUENCE OF MOODS<\/li>\n<li>FEAR CLAUSE<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. Conjugate the following verbs in the PRESENT OPTATIVE ACTIVE.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af, \u1f14\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1, \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2. Conjugate the following verbs in the AORIST OPTATIVE ACTIVE<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1,&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3. Conjugate the following verbs in the PERFECT OPTATIVE PASSIVE<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>4.&nbsp;For each of the sentences below, a) identify the tense of the subjunctive; b) identify its use (optative of wish or potential optative); and c) translate.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f34\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b6\u1ff7\u03b1<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b6\u1ff7\u03b1 \u03b8\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf.<\/li>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f34\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b8\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b6\u1ff7\u03b1.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9 \u1f02\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b6\u1ff7\u03b1 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f02\u03bd \u03b8\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.<\/li>\n<li>\u03bf\u1f50 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f02\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>5.&nbsp;For each of the following fear and purpose clauses, give the tense and mood of both the main verb and the verb in the subordinate clause. Translate the sentence.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u1f10\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bf\u1f50 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bf\u1f50 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u1ff6\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/li>\n<li>\u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c8\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u1ff6\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u1ff6\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u1ff6\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-235","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/235","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/235\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":236,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/235\/revisions\/236"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/235\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=235"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=235"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=235"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=235"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}