{"id":35,"date":"2016-08-30T20:17:27","date_gmt":"2016-08-30T20:17:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/6-more-common-greek-verbs\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:09","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:09","slug":"6-more-common-greek-verbs","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/6-more-common-greek-verbs\/","title":{"rendered":"Four More Common Greek Verbs"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_326\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]\"2012.02.4782<\/a> A 5th c. B.C. fragment of a list of Athenian Archons. The names on this fragment held the position in the years 527\/6 to 522\/1 B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n
\n

Four More Common Greek Verbs<\/h2>\n

The four verbs in this lesson are among the most commonly used words in Greek:<\/p>\n

\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> give
\n\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> put, make
\n\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> stand
\n\u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> throw<\/p>\n

Each follows a similar pattern in formation and spelling (i.e. pronunciation) changes for the Present Indicative:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. To mark the present tense, these verbs double the initial consonant sound of their stem, a process called REDUPLICATION. This process is not found in verbs like \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> and \u03bc\u03af\u03b3\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9 <\/span>that mark the present tense with -\u03bd\u03c5<\/span>-.<\/li>\n
  2. Their stems all end in a long vowel, which shortens in the plural forms and the infinitive. This is the same pattern we encounter with \u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af<\/span>!<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    I. \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    The verb give<\/em> has the stem \u03b4\u03c9<\/span>-. The present tense REDUPLICATES <\/span>the initial consonant sound of the stem, and adds an -\u03b9<\/span>- for ease of pronunciation.<\/p>\n

    \u03b4\u03c9<\/span>- \u2192 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03c9<\/span>-<\/p>\n

    The long stem vowel shortens in the plural forms.<\/p>\n

    \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03c9<\/span>- for the present tense singular forms
    \n\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf<\/span>- for the present tense plural forms and the infinitive<\/p>\n

    The Present Indicative Active of \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 <\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 123):<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \n

    \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>  I give<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> we give<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2<\/span> you give<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> you all give<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span> (s)he, it gives<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9<\/span> they give<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Present infinitive active: \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n

    Note that for the 3rd Person Plural, the vowel contraction rules that govern Greek seem not to apply. In other words, you might expect that for \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9<\/span>, the \u03bf<\/span> and \u03b1<\/span> would contract into an \u03c9<\/span>. The alpha in -\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9<\/span>, however, is long, and so for this verb, the contraction does not occur. The same practice occurs in our next verb, \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>.<\/div>\n

     <\/p>\n

    II. \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    The verb put<\/em>, make<\/em>, has the stem \u03b8\u03b7<\/span>-. The present tense REDUPLICATES <\/span>the initial consonant sound of the stem, and adds an -\u03b9<\/span>- for ease of pronunciation.<\/p>\n

    \u03b8\u03b7<\/span>- \u2192 \u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>-<\/p>\n

    Note here that \u03b8<\/span>, when reduplicated, has been changed to \u03c4<\/span>. This is because Greek does not allow ASPIRATED CONSONANTS to begin consecutive syllables. To avoid this situation, the aspirated consonants \u03c6<\/span>, \u03b8<\/span>, and \u03c7<\/span> are reduplicated by their corresponding un-aspirated, unvoiced forms: \u03c0<\/span>, \u03c4<\/span>, and \u03ba <\/span>(S 441). As a result, the reduplicated present tense stem \u03b8\u03b9\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>-  becomes \u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>-.<\/p>\n

    The long stem vowel shortens in the plural forms.<\/p>\n

    \u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b7<\/span>- for the present tense singular forms
    \n\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5<\/span>- for the present tense plural forms and the infinitive<\/p>\n

    The Present Indicative Active of \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9 <\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 145):<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \n

    \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>  I make<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> we make<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03c2<\/span> you make<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> you all make<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9<\/span> (s)he, it makes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    \u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9<\/span> they make<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Present infinitive active: \u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    III. \u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    The verb stand<\/em> has the stem \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span>-. The present tense REDUPLICATES <\/span>the initial consonant sound of the stem, and adds an -\u03b9<\/span>- for ease of pronunciation.<\/p>\n

    \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span>- \u2192 \u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span>-<\/p>\n

    Note here that reduplicated stem \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span>- should result in \u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span>-, but the initial \u03c3<\/span> has been dropped. Greeks regularly drop the initial \u03c3<\/span>- of words if it comes right before a vowel (S 119). When this happens, the vowel marks this loss by receiving a rough breathing mark. As we learn later, for example, the Latin words for the numbers six and seven, sex<\/em> and septem<\/em>, are \u1f15\u03be <\/span>and \u1f11\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac<\/span> in Greek! In the case of \u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, the initial REDUPLICATED SIGMA was dropped, and the now initial \u03b9<\/span> aspirated (\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span>- \u2192 \u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span>-).<\/p>\n

    The long stem vowel shortens in the plural forms.<\/p>\n

    \u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/span>- for the present tense singular forms
    \n\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1<\/span>- for the present tense plural forms and the infinitive<\/p>\n

    The Present Indicative Active of \u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9 <\/span>(S 416; GPH p. 134):<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \n

    \u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>  I stand<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    \u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> we stand<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    \u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/span> you stand<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    \u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> you all stand<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    \u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9<\/span> (s)he, it stands<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    (\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9<\/span> \u2192) \u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span> they stand<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Present infinitive active: \u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n

    Note here that in the 3rd Person Plural, the alphas<\/em> DO contract.<\/div>\n

     <\/p>\n

    IV. \u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    The verb throw<\/em> has the stem \u1f21<\/span>-. The rough breathing suggests that the stem was originally \u03c3\u03b7<\/span>-, which, when REDUPLICATED, would produce the form \u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7<\/span>- (S 778).<\/span> When these \u03c3<\/span>'s drop out, and the initial \u03b9<\/span> aspirated, the result is as follows:<\/p>\n

    \u1f21<\/span>- \u2192 \u1f31\u03b7<\/span>-<\/p>\n

    The long stem vowel shortens in the plural forms in the same manner as \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    \u1f31\u03b7<\/span>- for the present tense singular forms
    \n\u1f31\u03b5<\/span>- for the present tense plural forms and infinitive<\/p>\n

    The Present Indicative Active of \u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9 <\/span>(S 777):<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \n

    \u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>  I throw<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    \u1f35\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span> we throw<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    \u1f35\u03b7\u03c2<\/span> you throw<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    \u1f35\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> you all throw<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    \u1f35\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9<\/span> (s)he, it throws<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    (\u1f31\u03ad\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9<\/span> \u2192) \u1f31\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span> they throw<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Present infinitive active: \u1f31\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/p>\n

    Note that \u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> conjugates much like \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> does. The exception is the 3rd Person Plural, where a peculiar sound change resulted in the \u03b5<\/span> dropping, and a circumflex over the alpha<\/em>. Why? Great question.<\/div>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \n

    Vocabulary<\/h2>\n

    I. Prefixes<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Prefixes formed from prepositions are often added to the six verbs of the previous and current lesson. We discuss examples of such prefixes in more detail later, but for now, note the following verbs, which themselves are quite common.<\/p>\n

    \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> give<\/p>\n

    \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> give back (\u1f00\u03c0\u03cc<\/span> away, from)
    \n\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> hand over, deliver (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac<\/span> beside, to)<\/p>\n

    \u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span> be<\/p>\n

    \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> be present (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1<\/span>\u2019 beside, to)
    \nNote that once a prefix is added to \u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>, the resulting verb form follows the RECESSIVE ACCENT rules; it is no longer an ENCLITIC.<\/p>\n

    \u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> throw<\/p>\n

    \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> send forth; let go, allow (\u1f00\u03c6<\/span>\u2019 from)<\/p>\n

    \u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> stand<\/p>\n

    \u1f00\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> raise, appoint (\u1f00\u03bd<\/span>\u2019 up)
    \n\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> set down, establish (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8<\/span>\u2019 down)
    \n\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> present, offer, supply (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1<\/span>\u2019 beside, to)<\/p>\n

    \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> put, make<\/p>\n

    \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> put on (\u1f10\u03c0\u03af<\/span> on)
    \n\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> add to (\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2<\/span> toward)<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    II. \"No,\" \"Not\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

    When \u03bf\u1f54<\/span> has an acute accent, it usually means, No! <\/em>When \u03bf\u1f50<\/span> bears NO ACCENT, however, it is used to negate an INDICATIVE verb.<\/p>\n

    \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78 \u03bf\u1f50 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>. I am not showing it.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Before a word starting with a vowel with smooth breathing, -\u03ba<\/span> is added to end of \u03bf\u1f50<\/span> to make pronunciation easier.<\/p>\n

    \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>. I am not sending him forth.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Before a word starting with a rough breathing, the -\u03ba<\/span> becomes -\u03c7<\/span>:<\/p>\n

    \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78 \u03bf\u1f50\u03c7 \u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>. I am not throwing it.<\/em><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Verbs in the INFINITIVE MOOD use a different word to express \u201cnot\u201d: \u03bc\u03ae<\/span>. Note the following examples:<\/p>\n

    \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 \u1f51\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>. I give (= allow) you all to be present<\/em>.
    \n\u03bf\u1f50 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 \u1f51\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>. I do not allow you all to be present.<\/em>
    \n\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 \u1f51\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9.<\/span> I allow you all not to be present<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    - \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 -<\/p>\n

    \n

     <\/p>\n

    \n

    Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n