Reading Passages<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Assignment<\/b><\/p>\n
Read the handout on Greek word order, available for download as a pdf here: Greek Word Order<\/a>. Having done so, complete the following for each Greek sentence below: 1). Read it aloud; 2). Parse each verb and noun (gender, number, and case); and 3). Translate each sentence into English.<\/p>\n To download this assignment as a pdf, click here: AGE Readings 1<\/a>.<\/p>\n Classical Readings<\/b><\/p>\n The first eleven sentences come from Classical Athenian Greek writings from the fifth and fourth centuries BC. They are unchanged, except where \u201c\u2026\u201d indicates a short omission.<\/p>\n There are brief introductions the first time that an author is quoted and information that provides context for the quotation. Vocabulary for any words that have not yet appeared in previous lessons are provided for each sentence.<\/p>\n 1. The Greeks are justifiably famous for inventing theater, the direct ancestor of much cinema and video to this day. Greek tragedy is perhaps better known, but the earliest comedies in the world also come from Greece. From the Classical Period, the comedies of only one playwright survive, those of Aristophanes (but there are eleven of them).<\/p>\n Much of the comedy in these plays is very topical and political. One of Aristophanes\u2019 comedies, Horsemen<\/i>, consists primarily of a contest between the leading politician of the day, Cleon (thinly disguised as the \u03a0\u03b1\u03c6\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd, which translates roughly \u201cPoofistani\u201d) and a Hot Dog Man. They compete to determine who can be the most powerful and corrupt leader of the Athenian democracy. The Hot Dog Man wins. Then the Hot Dog Man reveals that he will in fact restore democracy to the people, who are on stage in the character of Demos, the personification of the will of the Athenian people (\u03b4\u1fc6\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2):<\/p>\n \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03a0\u03b1\u03c6\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9\u2026.<\/p>\n \u03a0\u03b1\u03c6\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd \u2013\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 Paphlagonian<\/p>\n Aristophanes Horsemen <\/i>1260<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 2. In another comedy, Birds<\/i>, an Athenian named Peisetairos (whose name means something like \u201cpersuasive\u201d) goes to the birds, literally, and convinces them to take over the universe.<\/p>\n At one point, a messenger races on stage to report on the building of a defensive wall in the sky. As his manner of speech indicates, the messenger is himself a bird:<\/p>\n \u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 \u2019\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9,<\/p>\n \u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 \u2019\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9,<\/p>\n \u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 \u2019\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9,<\/p>\n \u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f05\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd;<\/p>\n \u1f05\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd = \u1f41 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd<\/p>\n \u2019\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 = \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd<\/p>\n \u03a0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (nom sg) \u1f41 Peisetairos<\/p>\n \u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 where?<\/p>\n Aristophanes Birds <\/i>1122-23<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 3. Athens was the world\u2019s first democracy, but not everyone in Athens liked the democracy. There were elites who despised it and on two occasions seized control of the government (neither time for more than a year). A brief political tract survives from the fifth century BC by one of these elites, who complains about the Athenian democracy. No one knows now who wrote it, but one scholar sardonically called him the \u201cOld Oligarch,\u201d and the nickname has stuck. At one point, the \u201cOld Oligarch\u201d refers to Athens as the city\u2026:<\/p>\n \u1f45\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f41 \u03b4\u1fc6\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f41 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd<\/p>\n \u03b4\u1fc6\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 (nom sg) \u1f41 Demos (the democratic citizen body of the city)<\/p>\n \u1f45\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 where<\/p>\n Old Oligarch (ps-Xenophon) Constitution of Athens <\/i>3.13<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 4. The Athenian historian Thucydides lived at the same time as the \u201cOld Oligarch.\u201d His monumental history primarily details the conflicts between the city of Athens and the city of Sparta over a period of about twenty years (431-411 BC). Spartan warriors were already famous. Thucydides comments at one point that nearly the entire Spartan army\u2026:<\/p>\n \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03af<\/p>\n Thucydides 5.66.4<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 5. Thucydides\u2019 history ends abruptly in the middle of critical events in 411 BC. Another Athenian, Xenophon, later wrote a history that covered the next fifty years. Xenophon wrote not only history, but also biography, philosophy, technical treatises (on hunting, horsemanship, economics and more) and fiction, in each case among the earliest writers ever in these genres. Xenophon was also famous for a group of \u201cTen Thousand\u201d Greek mercenary soldiers who got trapped behind enemy lines in Persia in 401 BC. Xenophon led them safely back to Greece. He published his memoirs about the expedition as the Anabasis <\/i>(\u1f08\u03bd\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u201cThe March Back\u201d).<\/p>\n At this point, the Ten Thousand are at the city of Gymnias (getting close to the Black Sea), where:<\/p>\n \u1f41 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f1d\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f21\u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9<\/p>\n \u1f1d\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd, -\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 Greek<\/p>\n \u1f21\u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u2013\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 guide, leader<\/p>\n \u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 (3rd<\/sup> sg) sends<\/p>\n Xenophon Anabasis <\/i>4.7.19<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 6. At another point, the Greeks capture a village. Xenophon explains what he did with the chief of the village. Chirisophus was a Spartan mercenary commander, also part of the Ten Thousand:<\/p>\n \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd\u2026\u1f21\u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9 \u03a7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03c6\u1ff3<\/p>\n \u1f21\u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u2013\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 guide, leader<\/p>\n \u03a7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03c6\u1ff3 (dat sg) \u1f41 Chirisophus<\/p>\n Xenophon Anabasis <\/i>4.7.19<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 7. Lysias was a son of a Sicilian immigrant (Cephalus, who got rich running a shield factory and is a prominent character at the beginning of Plato\u2019s Republic<\/i>). Lysias himself became a successful orator and legal advisor in Athens. Lysias also lived through one of the most horrifying periods in Athenian history. In 403 BC, after surrendering in a war to Sparta, a group known as the Thirty Tyrants instigated a reign of terror for months before the democracy was restored. Lysias\u2019 brother Polemarchus (also a character in Plato\u2019s Republic<\/i>) was assassinated by the Thirty. Lysias\u2019 most famous speech is his prosecution of one of the men responsible for his brother\u2019s death.<\/p>\n Lysias is narrating the events of the night when one of the Thirty, Piso, and his forces come to Lysias\u2019 house. They throw out Lysias\u2019 dinner guests first and then:<\/p>\n \u03a0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd<\/p>\n \u03bc\u03b5 (acc sg) me<\/p>\n \u03a0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd \u2013\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 Piso<\/p>\n Lysias 12.8<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 8. In another legal case, a man named Sositheus is claiming that his son has a right to inherit a share of a disputed estate. Near the end of his speech, he appeals to the jury:<\/p>\n \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u1f51\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af, \u1f66 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03af, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/p>\n \u1f66 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03af \u201cjurymen\u201d (the standard way of addressing the jury)<\/p>\n \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 take care of<\/p>\n \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af (acc sg) \u1f41 this here<\/p>\n \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd therefore<\/p>\n \u1f51\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd (dat pl) y\u2019all<\/p>\n Demosthenes 43.81<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 9. Greeks enjoyed the performance of legal speeches. Such performances could include speeches delivered as if they were part of famous episodes from mythology. In this one, the hero Odysseus is prosecuting a man named Palamedes for treason and theft during the Trojan War. Here he says Palamedes embezzled money for himself and\u2026:<\/p>\n \u1f08\u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u2026 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1<\/p>\n \u1f08\u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u2013\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 Agamemnon (leader of the Greek troops in the Trojan War)<\/p>\n \u03b8\u1ff6\u03c1\u03b1\u03be \u2013\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 breast, breastplate<\/p>\n \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd (acc sg) \u1f41 bronze<\/p>\n Alcidamas 2.21.107<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 10. Euripides wrote many turbulent tragedies and is reported to have lived a comparably turbulent life. During his career, he seems to have generated controversy with his plays, an artist both captivating and disturbing. Reportedly, Euripides left his native Athens in his last years and took up residence with the king of Macedon, Archelaus. Whether this is true or not is impossible to determine now, but he did write a tragedy about Archelaus\u2019 mythological ancestors which seems to favor the monarch\u2019s genealogy. This play was about the heroic exploits of a grandson of Hercules, also named Archelaus.<\/p>\n In the beginning of the play, Archelaus narrates his family history. Hercules had a son Hyllus, who had a son Temenus. Temenus had no children, so he consulted the priestess of Zeus, who told him:<\/p>\n \u0396\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b4\u2019, ...<\/p>\n (This child will turn out to be Archelaus himself).<\/p>\n \u0396\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2, \u0394\u03b9\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f41 Zeus<\/p>\n \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b4\u2019 = \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b4\u03b1<\/p>\n \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 (dat sg) you<\/p>\n Archelaus <\/i>fr. 228a.24<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 11. Along with Aeschylus and Euripides, Sophocles is the third of the three great writers of Greek tragedy. Here a character declares his allegiance to the king of the gods.<\/p>\n \u0396\u03b5\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd [\u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bd]<\/p>\n \u1f10\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 (nom sg) my<\/p>\n fr. 755<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Biblical Readings<\/b><\/p>\n The remaining sentences here come from ancient Greek writings related to the Bible, Jewish history, and early Christianity. The passages are unchanged, except where \u201c\u2026\u201d indicates a short omission.<\/p>\n Hebrew scripture was translated into koine <\/i>Greek in the second century B.C., a collection called the Septuagint. The Septuagint derives its name from the Latin versio septuaginta interpretum<\/i>, \"translation of the seventy interpreters,\" (Greek: \u1f21 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f11\u03b2\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \"translation of the seventy.\" The Roman numeral LXX (seventy) is commonly used as an abbreviation.<\/p>\n The following readings are quoted from the Septuagint.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1. God calls out to Adam in the Garden of Eden:<\/p>\n \u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b5\u1f36;<\/p>\n Adam responds in part:<\/p>\n \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03b9<\/p>\n \u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 where?<\/p>\n \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (nom sg) \u1f41 naked<\/p>\n LXX Gen. 3:9<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 2. King David, after putting down a rebellion by his son Absalom, who died in the fighting, is in mourning. Joab, nephew to David, chastises him, saying that such grief disrespects those who serve in David\u2019s loyal army. It sends the message, Joab says, that\u2026:<\/p>\n \u03bf\u1f54\u03ba \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2<\/p>\n \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03ad and not, nor<\/p>\n \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 your<\/p>\n LXX 2 Kings 19:7<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 3. After suffering much at Satan\u2019s hands, Job is visited by friends who seek to reassure him of God\u2019s justice. At one point, Job throws one of his friends\u2019 own questions back at him:<\/p>\n \u03a0\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f36\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2;<\/p>\n \u03bf\u1f36\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 (nom sg) \u1f41 home<\/p>\n \u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 where?<\/p>\n LXX Job 21:28<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 4. The prophet Isaiah imagines an appeal in the face of God\u2019s wrath:<\/p>\n \u03a3\u1f7a \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd<\/p>\n \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (nom sg) \u1f41 only<\/p>\n \u03c3\u03cd (nom sg) you<\/p>\n LXX Is. 10:8<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 5. In the Maccabean revolt, Jews rebelled against persecution by King Antiochus IV. At one point, royal forces attack a group of rebels and challenge them to repent and surrender. The rebels refuse, saying in part:<\/p>\n \u1f00\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2.<\/p>\n \u1f00\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 illegally, unjustly<\/p>\n \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 (acc pl) us<\/p>\n LXX 1 Maccabees 2:37<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The following readings are from the New Testament.<\/p>\n 6. As Jesus teaches in Jerusalem, some wonder about his claims and how it is that he is allowed to preach openly at the temple:<\/p>\n \u1f00\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f41 \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2;<\/p>\n \u1f00\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u1ff6\u03c2 truly<\/p>\n \u1f14\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd (3d pl) knew<\/p>\n \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 that<\/p>\n \u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (nom sg) \u1f41 this (man)<\/p>\n \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u1f38\u03c9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd 7:26<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 7. In addition to scripture, a wide range of related writings were popular with early Christians and these circulated in a range of languages, especially Greek. Among these writings were romantic stories about an early Christian named Clement. While there were multiple historically important men named Clement in the early Christian church, these stories focus on a Clement who travelled with the apostle Peter. The Clementine Homilies <\/i>is a collection of such stories.<\/p>\n The Clementine Homilies <\/i>includes an extended version of the conflict between the apostle Peter and Simon Magus (cf. Acts 8:9-24). Peter wins over one of Simon\u2019s disciples, Zacchaeus, and makes him bishop of Caeserea. As part of the process of installing Zacchaeus, Peter prays to God:<\/p>\n \u03c3\u1f7a \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd [\u03b5\u1f36]<\/p>\n \u03b3\u03ac\u03c1 because<\/p>\n \u03c3\u03cd (nom sg) you<\/p>\n Homily 3 72.3<\/p>\n\n","rendered":" Reading Passages<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Assignment<\/b><\/p>\n Read the handout on Greek word order, available for download as a pdf here: Greek Word Order<\/a>. Having done so, complete the following for each Greek sentence below: 1). Read it aloud; 2). Parse each verb and noun (gender, number, and case); and 3). Translate each sentence into English.<\/p>\n