{"id":52,"date":"2016-10-18T16:42:39","date_gmt":"2016-10-18T16:42:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/13-pronouns\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:13","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:13","slug":"13-pronouns","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/13-pronouns\/","title":{"rendered":"Pronouns"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_578\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]\"2007.01.0948\"<\/a> A decree of the Nomothetai, or law-givers, concerning the Lesser Panathenaia festival, ca. 335 B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

<\/h2>\n

Introduction to Pronouns<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Pronouns in Greek for the most part work much as they do in English: they replace nouns. Since Greek nouns are distinguished by gender, number, and case, it is logical that the pronouns that replace them inflect to represent these same qualities. You have already seen this basic mechanism in practice: the definite article is the same gender, number, and case as the noun that it modifies.<\/p>\n

In fact, most Greek pronouns closely resemble the definite article. Let us review forms of the definite article (S 332; GPH p. 41):<\/p>\n

Masculine:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nSingular<\/td>\nPlural<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominative<\/td>\n\u1f41<\/span><\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f31<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genitive<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dative<\/td>\n\u03c4\u1ff7<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Accusative<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Feminine:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nSingular<\/td>\nPlural<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominative<\/td>\n\u1f21<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f31<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genitive<\/td>\n\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dative<\/td>\n\u03c4\u1fc7<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Accusative<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2
\n<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Neuter:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nSingular<\/td>\nPlural<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominative<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03cc<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03ac<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genitive<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dative<\/td>\n\u03c4\u1ff7<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Accusative<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03cc<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03ac
\n<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

3rd Person Personal Pronoun<\/strong><\/p>\n

Our first pronoun is the Greek equivalent \"he\/she\/it.\" Greek uses a single pronoun for all of these, and declines it by gender, number, and case. While the definite article has the stem \u03c4<\/span>-, this pronoun has the stem \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4<\/span>-. They use the same endings with one exception: The masculine nominative singular of the pronoun ends in  \u2013\u03c2<\/span>. Note also the accent pattern, which is similar to that of the definite article (S 327; GPH p. 43).<\/p>\n

Singular:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nM<\/td>\n F<\/td>\n N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominative<\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03ae<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genitive<\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dative<\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Accusative<\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Plural:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nM<\/td>\n F<\/td>\n N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominative<\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03af<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03b1\u03af<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03ac<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genitive<\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dative<\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Accusative<\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03ac<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Depending on its placement in a sentence, the \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc<\/span> has three possible translations (S 328).<\/p>\n

1. \"He\/she\/it\"<\/p>\n

When the pronoun is standing on its own in any case except<\/em> for the nominative, it is used as a 3RD PERSON PERSONAL PRONOUN. The form of the pronoun must correspond in gender, number, and case to the noun that it is replacing.<\/p>\n

\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe rulers give hope to the children.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd<\/span> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe rulers are giving it to them.\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

2. \"Self\"<\/p>\n

When this pronoun is used on its own in the nominative, it is emphatic and reflexive, much like \u1f10\u03b3\u03ce<\/span> (\u1f39\") is emphatic when used in a Greek sentence. It is also emphatic if a form of the pronoun is used as an ADJECTIVE in the PREDICATE POSITION to modify a noun of any case.<\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u2019 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76<\/span> \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe give money back, but they themselves<\/i> do not give (it) back.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76<\/span> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd<\/span> \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u1f76\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe rulers themselves<\/em> give hope itself<\/em> to the children themselves<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

3. \"Same\"<\/p>\n

When this pronoun is used instead as an ADJECTIVE in the ATTRIBUTIVE POSITION, it means \u201csame.\"<\/p>\n

\u03bf\u1f31 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76<\/span> \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd<\/span> \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2<\/span> \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe same<\/em> rulers give the same<\/em> hope to the same<\/em> children.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u03bf\u1f31 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76<\/span> \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd<\/span> \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe same<\/em> rulers give the same<\/em> hope to the children themselves<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

ATTRIBUTIVE vs. PREDICATE POSITION<\/p>\n

An adjective is considered in an ATTRIBUTIVE POSITION when it modifies a noun with a definite article, and the adjective itself follows the definite article. For example: \u1f21 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c2<\/span>. An adjective is considered in the PREDICATE POSITION if the adjective precedes the article, or follows the article and noun. For example: \u1f21 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03ae<\/span> or \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74 \u1f21 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c2<\/span>. More on the significance of the attributive and predicate positions of adjectives is discussed in later lessons.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Demonstrative Pronouns: That, Those<\/strong><\/p>\n

The next pronoun is the Greek equivalent of \"that\/those.\" This pronoun has the stem \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>-. It uses the same endings as the definite articles with one exception: The masculine nominative singular form ends in  \u2013\u03c2<\/span>. Note the accent pattern: it is a PERSISTENT ACCENT on the PENULT, which for this pronoun is long (-\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>-). As a result, the length of the ultima determines whether this penult receives a circumflex or acute accent (S 333; GPH p. 49).<\/p>\n

Singular:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nM<\/td>\n F<\/td>\n N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominative<\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b7<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genitive<\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dative<\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u1ff3<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u1fc3<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u1ff3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Accusative<\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Plural:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nM<\/td>\n F<\/td>\n N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominative<\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genitive<\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dative<\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Accusative<\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

This pronoun can substitute for a noun, or be used as a demonstrative adjective to modify a noun. When used as an ADJECTIVE, it always appears in the PREDICATE POSITION.<\/p>\n

\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe rulers give hope to the children.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9<\/span> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThose (men) give hope to those children.\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Demonstrative Pronouns: This, These<\/strong><\/p>\n

The next pronoun is the Greek equivalent of \"this\/these.\" To form this pronoun, the suffix -\u03b4\u03b5<\/span> is added to the definite article. Note the accent pattern, which is similar to that of the definite article (S 333; GPH p. 50).<\/p>\n

Singular:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nM<\/td>\n F<\/td>\n N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominative<\/td>\n\u1f45\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f25\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genitive<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dative<\/td>\n\u03c4\u1ff7\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u1fc7\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u1ff7\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Accusative<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Plural:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nM<\/td>\n F<\/td>\n N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominative<\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f35\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f35\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genitive<\/td>\n\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dative<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Accusative<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

This pronoun can substitute for a noun, or be used as a demonstrative adjective to modify a noun. When used as an ADJECTIVE, it always appears in the PREDICATE POSITION.<\/p>\n

\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe rulers give hope to the children.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u03bf\u1f35\u03b4\u03b5<\/span> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThese (men) give hope to these children.\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

- \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 -<\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n