{"id":55,"date":"2016-10-18T16:43:50","date_gmt":"2016-10-18T16:43:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/14-more-pronouns\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:14","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:14","slug":"14-more-pronouns","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/14-more-pronouns\/","title":{"rendered":"More Pronouns"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_605\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1165\"]\"2011.05.0085\"<\/a> A columnar grave monument for a slave named Apollonios. Hellenistic or Roman period. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n
\n

More Pronouns!<\/strong><\/h2>\n

In the last lesson, we discussed 3rd person personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns. In this lesson, we review relative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, indefinite relative pronouns, and interrogative pronouns. Each can also be used as an adjective that modifies a noun.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Relative Pronoun<\/strong><\/p>\n

Greek forms the relative pronoun, \"who\/whose\/whom,\" by replacing the \u03c4<\/span>- of the definite article with the rough breathing (\u1ffe<\/span>). The masculine singular nominative form ends in  \u2013\u03c2<\/span>. Note that the accent pattern is similar to that of the definite article (S 338; GPH p. 54).<\/p>\n

Singular:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nM<\/td>\n F<\/td>\n N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominative<\/td>\n\u1f45\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f25<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f45<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genitive<\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f57<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f27\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f57<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dative<\/td>\n\u1fa7<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f97<\/span><\/td>\n\u1fa7<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Accusative<\/td>\n\u1f45\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f25\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f45<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Plural:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nM<\/td>\n F<\/td>\n N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominative<\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f35<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f35<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f05<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genitive<\/td>\n\u1f67\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f67\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f67\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dative<\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f37\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f37\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f37\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Accusative<\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f55\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f05\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f05<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Relative pronouns are commonly used to join two sentences or clauses together. Note the following sentences.<\/p>\n

\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd. \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe rulers give hope to the children. The children give the money back.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u1f76\u03bd \u03bf\u1f33<\/span> \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe leaders give hope to the children who give the money back.\u201d<\/p>\n

In the second sentence, note that the MAIN CLAUSE \u2013 the essential part of the sentence that can stand on its own grammatically and as a complete thought \u2013 is \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd<\/span>. The relative pronoun is introducing a type of subordinate clause called a RELATIVE CLAUSE, which here is \u03bf\u1f33 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Relative clauses often serve to give additional information about the pronoun's ANTECEDENT, i.e., the noun to which the pronoun refers. Note, however, that while the relative pronoun gets its gender and number from its antecedent, its case depends on its use in the relative clause. The form \u03bf\u1f35<\/span>, in other words, is masculine and plural because its antecedent is \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd<\/span>, but nominative because it is the subject of the relative clause. Consider the following examples.<\/p>\n

\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u1f76\u03bd \u03bf\u1f33\u03c2<\/span> \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe leaders give hope to the children to whom they (the leaders) are giving money.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u1f76\u03bd \u03bf\u1f53\u03c2<\/span> \u1f00\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe leaders give hope to the children whom they are appointing.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sometimes, the relative pronoun is ATTRACTED to the case of its antecedent, rather than representing the case it should be in its relative clause. When this happens, the antecedent is usually in the genitive or dative case, and the case that it is replacing is the accusative (S 2522).<\/p>\n

\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u1f76\u03bd \u03bf\u1f33\u03c2 <\/span><\/span>(for \u03bf\u1f53\u03c2<\/span><\/span>) \u1f00\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe leaders give hope to the children whom they are appointing.\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Intensive Relative Pronoun<\/strong><\/p>\n

The suffix -\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span> is added to pronouns to denote emphasis (S 338c). When added to the relative pronoun it means \u201cthe same\/very one(s) who\/which\/that\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

Singular:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nM<\/td>\n F<\/td>\n N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominative<\/td>\n\u1f45\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f25\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f45\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genitive<\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f57\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f27\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f57\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dative<\/td>\n\u1fa7\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f97\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n\u1fa7\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Accusative<\/td>\n\u1f45\u03bd\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f25\u03bd\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f45\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Plural:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nM<\/td>\n F<\/td>\n N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominative<\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f35\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f35\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f05\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genitive<\/td>\n\u1f67\u03bd\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f67\u03bd\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f67\u03bd\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dative<\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f37\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f37\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f37\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Accusative<\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f55\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f05\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f05\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1
\n<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The intensive relative pronoun functions just as the relative pronoun does in a Greek sentence.<\/p>\n

\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u1f76\u03bd \u03bf\u1f35\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span> \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe leaders give hope to the children, the very ones who give the money back.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u1f76\u03bd \u03bf\u1f55\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/span> \u1f00\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe leaders give hope to the children, the very ones whom they are appointing.\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Indefinite Pronoun<\/strong><\/p>\n

While most pronouns follow the pattern of the definite article, the indefinite pronoun uses the endings of 3rd DECLENSION NOUNS, the noun endings that we learned earlier. As a result, masculine and feminine endings are identical.<\/p>\n

This pronoun has the stem \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>-. When the endings involve adding a sigma<\/em> to the stem (nom. sing. = -\u03c2<\/span>, dat. plu. = -\u03c3\u03b9<\/span>), sigma<\/em> wins the battle, and the -\u03bd<\/span> disappears from the end of the stem. Remember that for the 3rd declension, the neuter nominative and accusative singular has no ending. For this pronoun, the result \u2013 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd <\/span>\u2013 is always shortened to \u03c4\u03b9 <\/span>(S 334; GHP p. 53).<\/p>\n

Singular<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nM\/F<\/td>\nN<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominative<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genitive<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dative<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03af<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03af<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Accusative<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b9
\n<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Plural<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nM\/F<\/td>\nN<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominative<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genitive<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dative<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03af<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03af<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Accusative<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

This pronoun refers to someone or something indefinite, and translates to \"some, any.\" Note the accent! The indefinite pronoun is ENCLITIC. It follows the regular enclitic accent rules, though note that the genitive plural, if accented, receives a circumflex, and not an acute. As an enclitic, the indefinite pronoun can never come first in a sentence.<\/p>\n

\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSome people are giving hope to the children.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af \u03c4\u03b9<\/span> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe rulers are giving something to the children.\u201d<\/p>\n

Indefinite pronouns are often found in negative sentences. Consider the following examples.<\/p>\n

\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f54 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2<\/span> \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo one (not anyone) gives hope to the children.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af \u03c4\u03b9<\/span> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe rulers are not giving anything to the children.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThe rulers are giving nothing to the children.\u201d<\/p>\n

When \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>, \u03c4\u03b9<\/span> follows a noun it agrees with (in gender, number and case), it becomes an ADJECTIVE that makes the noun indefinite. In such instances, the noun would not have a definite article.<\/p>\n

\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSome rulers are giving hope to the children.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f70<\/span> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe rulers are giving some hope to the children.\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Indefinite Relative Pronoun<\/strong><\/p>\n

Adding \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>, \u03c4\u03b9<\/span> as a suffix to the relative pronoun (\u1f45\u03c2<\/span>, \u1f25<\/span>, \u1f45<\/span>) makes the relative pronoun indefinite. The pronoun translates as \"anyone who\/anything which\/anything that.\" Consider the following sentence.<\/p>\n

\u1f45\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2<\/span> \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd, \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnyone who\/Whosoever gives money to the children is throwing the money away.\"<\/p>\n

To form this pronoun, notice that Greek inflects both relative pronoun and its indefinite suffix (S 339; GPH p. 55)!<\/p>\n

Singular:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nM<\/td>\n F<\/td>\n N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominative<\/td>\n\u1f45\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f25\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f45 \u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genitive<\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f27\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f57\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dative<\/td>\n\u1fa7\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f97\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n\u1fa7\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Accusative<\/td>\n\u1f45\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f25\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n \u1f45 \u03c4\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Plural:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nM<\/td>\n F<\/td>\n N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nominative<\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f35\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f35\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f05\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genitive<\/td>\n\u1f67\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f67\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f67\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dative<\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f37\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1\u1f37\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f37\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Accusative<\/td>\n\u03bf\u1f55\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f05\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n\u1f05\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Note that the neuter nominative and accusative singular is usually written as two words: \u1f45 \u03c4\u03b9<\/span>. This is to distinguish this form from \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9<\/span>, meaning \u201cbecause\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u1f45 \u03c4\u03b9<\/span> \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd<\/span>\u2026<\/p>\n

\u201cWhatever the rulers are giving to the children\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u1f45\u03c4\u03b9<\/span> \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/span>\u2026<\/p>\n

\u201cBecause the children give their money back\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

Note also that although the enclitic suffix \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>, \u03c4\u03b9<\/span> has been added to the relative pronoun to form one word, the relative pronoun is accented as though the enclitic is still a separate word (S 186). This situation results in forms such as \u1f67\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>, where the antepenult now can have a circumflex!<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Interrogative Pronoun<\/strong><\/p>\n

The pronoun \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>, \u03c4\u03b9<\/span> can also serve as an interrogative pronoun, meaning \"who? what?\" If this is the case, there are two changes that distinguish it from the indefinite pronoun of the same form.<\/p>\n

Change 1: Accent<\/p>\n

The interrogative pronoun ALWAYS has an ACUTE ACCENT (S 334; cf. GPH 52). If the form has two syllables, the accent is on the penult, e.g. \u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>, \u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b9<\/span>\u2026 Since the penult of a two syllable enclitic can never receive the accent, encountering a form such as \u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> indicates that it must be an interrogative pronoun.<\/p>\n

If the accent is on a monosyllabic form, the acute NEVER changes to a grave, even if another word follows. Note the following examples:<\/p>\n

\u03c4\u03af<\/span> \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd;<\/span><\/p>\n

\"What are the rulers giving?\"<\/p>\n

\u03c4\u03af\u03c2<\/span> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd;<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Who is giving these (things)?\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Change 2: Position<\/p>\n

The interrogative pronoun is NOT postpositive. In fact, it usually is the first word of a sentence or clause that asks the question Who\u2026? or What\u2026?<\/p>\n

Consider the accents and position of \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>, \u03c4\u03b9<\/span> in the following sentences. Note also that each sentence ends in a Greek question mark.<\/p>\n

\u03c4\u03af\u03c2<\/span> \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd;<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWho is giving hope to the children?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd<\/span> \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1;<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTo whom are the rulers giving hope?\u201d<\/p>\n

NOTE: The neuter accusative singular \u03c4\u03af<\/span> is sometimes used to ask the question \"why?\" instead of \"what?\" Context helps determine which meaning is intended. For example, \u201cwhy?\u201d is the likely meaning if another noun is the direct object (accusative) of the verb.<\/p>\n

\u03c4\u03af<\/span> \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd;<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhat are the rulers giving to the children?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u03c4\u03af<\/span> \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd;<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhy are the rulers giving hope to the children?\u201d<\/p>\n

When \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>, \u03c4\u03b9<\/span> has an acute accent, and modifies a noun with which it agrees in gender, number, and case, it serves as an INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE. Even if used as an adjective, note that the acute still <\/i>never changes to a grave.<\/p>\n

\u03c4\u03af\u03c2<\/span> \u1f00\u03bd\u1f74\u03c1 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd;<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhat man is giving hope to the children?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2<\/span> \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bd;<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhich rulers are giving those things to the children?\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

- \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 -<\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

Key Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n