{"id":63,"date":"2016-03-17T19:40:37","date_gmt":"2016-03-17T19:40:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/16-prepositions\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:17","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:17","slug":"16-prepositions","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/16-prepositions\/","title":{"rendered":"Prepositions and Prefixes"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_643\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]\"2007.01.0827\"<\/a> The plinth for a bust, now missing, inscribed as a dedication by Kittos. 4th c. B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n
\n

Greek Prepositions<\/h2>\n

Prepositions in Greek for the most part work as they do in English (S 1636 ff.). The principal difference is that the object of a Greek preposition must be inflected in either the genitive, dative, or accusative case. The preposition together with its object is called a PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE.<\/p>\n

The original or core meaning of Greek prepositions often indicates DIRECTION. This chart shows the directions that each case generally indicates:<\/p>\n

\"Prepositions<\/a><\/p>\n

Three prepositions illustrate this dynamic. Note that these three have no accent.<\/p>\n

\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2<\/span> + acc. \u201cinto\u201d<\/p>\n

\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1<\/span> \u201cinto the mouth\u201d<\/p>\n

(\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2<\/span> is sometimes shortened to \u1f10\u03c2<\/span>:  \u1f10\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1<\/span>)<\/p>\n

\u1f10\u03bd<\/span> + dat. \u201cin\u201d<\/p>\n

\u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9<\/span> \u201cin the mouth\u201d<\/p>\n

\u1f10\u03ba<\/span> + gen. \u201cfrom, out of\u201d<\/p>\n

\u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> \u201cout of the mouth\u201d<\/p>\n

(\u1f10\u03ba<\/span> becomes \u1f10\u03be <\/span>before a vowel: \u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f35\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Accents, Elision, and Aspiration<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prepositions \u2013 with the exception of \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2<\/span>, \u1f10\u03bd<\/span>, and \u1f10\u03ba<\/span> \u2013 normally have an ACUTE accent. If the preposition has two syllables, the acute falls on the ULTIMA.<\/p>\n

ELISION is common with prepositions; they frequently drop their final vowel before a word beginning with a vowel. In such cases, the preposition has NO ACCENT. There are two important exceptions: \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af<\/span> and \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc<\/span>. Neither allows for elision.<\/p>\n

After a preposition drops its final vowel, if it then ends in a STOP CONSONANT, that consonant becomes ASPIRATED if the following word begins with an aspirated \u2013 i.e., marked with a rough breathing \u2013 vowel or diphthong.<\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> \u201cfrom the hope\u201d<\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03c0\u2019 \u1f10\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> \u201cfrom hope\u201d<\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f35\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> \u201cfrom the blood\u201d<\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03c6\u2019 \u03b1\u1f35\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> \u201cfrom blood\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Prepositions + Accusative Case<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03af<\/span> around, about<\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03bd\u03ac<\/span> up, through<\/p>\n

\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac<\/span> because of, through<\/p>\n

\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2<\/span>\/\u1f10\u03c2<\/span> into<\/p>\n

\u1f10\u03c0\u03af<\/span> against<\/p>\n

\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac<\/span> down, along, according to<\/p>\n

\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac<\/span> after, behind<\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac<\/span> to, throughout, beside<\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af<\/span> near, around<\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2<\/span> toward<\/p>\n

\u1f51\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1<\/span> above, over, beyond<\/p>\n

\u1f51\u03c0\u03cc<\/span> under<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Prepositions + Dative Case<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03af <\/span>around, near<\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03bd\u03ac <\/span>upon<\/p>\n

\u1f10\u03bd<\/span> in<\/p>\n

\u1f10\u03c0\u03af<\/span> on, for the purpose of, because of<\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac<\/span> with, near<\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af<\/span> about<\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2<\/span> by, in addition to<\/p>\n

\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd<\/span> with (the help of)<\/p>\n

\u1f51\u03c0\u03cc<\/span> under<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Prepositions + Genitive Case<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03af <\/span>around, for the sake of<\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03af<\/span> opposite, instead of, for the sake of<\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03c0\u03cc<\/span> from<\/p>\n

\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac<\/span> through<\/p>\n

\u1f10\u03ba<\/span> from<\/p>\n

\u1f10\u03c0\u03af <\/span>on, at<\/p>\n

\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac <\/span> down, against<\/p>\n

\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac<\/span> with<\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac <\/span>from<\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af<\/span> about<\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc<\/span> before, in front of<\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2<\/span> toward, (swear) by<\/p>\n

\u1f51\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1<\/span> over, on behalf of<\/p>\n

\u1f51\u03c0\u03cc<\/span> under, by<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Man and the Lion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Note the following story of a man and a lion (\u1f41 \u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>, \u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>), which illustrates well some of the most common prepositions and their cases.<\/p>\n

\"Prepositions<\/a><\/p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_130\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"683\"]\"Prepositions<\/a> From: https:\/\/classics.uncg.edu\/course-resources\/greek\/an-adventure-with-a-lion\/[\/caption]\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

Prepositions as Prefixes<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Prepositions often double as prefixes for verbs. The core meanings of the most common prefixes are as follows.<\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03af<\/span> around<\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03bd\u03ac<\/span> up<\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03af<\/span> back<\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03c0\u03cc<\/span> from<\/p>\n

\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac <\/span>through<\/p>\n

\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2<\/span> into<\/p>\n

\u1f10\u03ba<\/span> out of<\/p>\n

\u1f10\u03bd <\/span>in<\/p>\n

\u1f10\u03c0\u03af<\/span> on<\/p>\n

\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac<\/span> down<\/p>\n

\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac<\/span> with<\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac <\/span>beside, to<\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af<\/span> around<\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc<\/span> before<\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2<\/span> toward<\/p>\n

\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd <\/span>with<\/p>\n

\u1f51\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1<\/span> above<\/p>\n

\u1f51\u03c0\u03cc<\/span> under<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Prefixes, Elision, and Aspiration<\/strong><\/p>\n

When prefixes are attached to verbs, any final vowel drops out \u2013 or ELIDES \u2013 if the tense stem to which it is added begins with a vowel. As with prepositions, the prefixes \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af<\/span> and \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc<\/span> are an exception to this rule, and do not elide. If a prefix drops its final vowel, the remaining consonant becomes ASPIRATED if the tense stem begins with an aspirated vowel or diphthong.<\/p>\n

We have already encountered in earlier lessons some verbs that have prefixes. Note the changes that occur to the prefixes in some of these examples.<\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> (\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1<\/span> + \u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>) raise, appoint<\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> (\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf<\/span> + \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>) give back<\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> (\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf<\/span> + \u1f35\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>) let go, allow, forgive<\/p>\n

\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> (\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9<\/span> + \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>) put on<\/p>\n

\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/span> + \u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>) set down, establish<\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1<\/span> + \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>) hand over, deliver<\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1<\/span> + \u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>) be present<\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1<\/span> + \u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>) present<\/p>\n

\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> (\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> + \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>) add to<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u1f10\u03bd<\/span>, \u1f10\u03b3-<\/span>, \u1f10\u03bc-<\/span> in<\/strong>
\n \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd<\/span>, \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3-<\/span>, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc-<\/span>, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb-<\/span> with<\/strong><\/p>\n

When the prepositions \u1f10\u03bd<\/span> and \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd<\/span> are used as prefixes, they retain these forms when the verb begins with a vowel. When the verb begins with a consonant, they ASSIMILATE with this consonant.<\/p>\n