{"id":68,"date":"2016-03-17T20:05:07","date_gmt":"2016-03-17T20:05:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/18-omega-verbs\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:19","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:19","slug":"18-omega-verbs","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/18-omega-verbs\/","title":{"rendered":"Introduction to Omega Verbs"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_676\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"2048\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2016\/11\/i-3845.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-67\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/i-3845.jpeg\" alt=\"2011.05.0110\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1877\"><\/a> Grave monument for Athenokles, 4th c. B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Transitive&nbsp;and&nbsp;Intransitive<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>All verbs&nbsp;can be identified by whether or not they need&nbsp;a direct object to complete their meaning. TRANSITIVE&nbsp;verbs do take a direct object.&nbsp;INTRANSITIVE&nbsp;verbs do not. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Transitive verb&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>):&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f06\u03b8\u03bb\u03b1 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>.&nbsp;<em>He&nbsp;gives prizes <\/em>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f06\u03b8\u03bb\u03b1<\/span>) <em>to others <\/em>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li>Intransitive verb (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>):&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03af \u1f10\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f66 \u039b\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9<\/span>.&nbsp;<em>We&nbsp;are worthy <\/em>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03af<\/span>)<em>, Lakedaimonians<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>While most verbs are either transitive or intransitive, some verbs can be BOTH.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Transitive use (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>):<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd<\/span>.&nbsp;<em>They are standing\/setting (up) the mast<\/em>&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li>Intransitive use (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>):&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>.&nbsp;<em>They are standing\/stationed around the city <\/em>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>)<em>.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>While most English transitive&nbsp;verbs are also&nbsp;transitive in Greek, there are a handful of English transitive verbs, such as <em>obey<\/em> or <em>serve<\/em>, that are intransitive in Greek! If any Greek verbs are marked with&nbsp;(+ dat.) or&nbsp;(+ gen.), this means that the object of the verb is not in the accusative case (as we might expect in English), but rather in the dative or genitive case, respectively.<\/p>\n<p>Such verbs, while INTRANSITIVE in Greek, effectively become TRANSITIVE when translated into English.&nbsp;For example, while a&nbsp;Greek would say that \"I have trust for someone,\"<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03af<\/span>,&nbsp;in English we can say \u2013 and so can translate the Greek \u2013 \"I trust someone.\"&nbsp;When learning Greek verbs, therefore, be sure to note whether they are transitive, intransitive, or both, and whether they take their object in a case other than the accusative. If in doubt, Greek dictionaries often mark whether a verb is used transitively or intransitively, usually with abbreviations such as <em>trans<\/em>. and <em>intrans<\/em>.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Conjugations<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Latin verb <em>conjugare<\/em> means \u201cto join together,\u201d and from this verb CONJUGATE&nbsp;means to join a verb stem together with its endings.&nbsp;Thus conjugating the present indicative active of a Greek verb means saying or writing out all the forms in the present indicative active.&nbsp;From the practice of conjugating verbs, we can speak of a CONJUGATION.&nbsp;A conjugation is simply a set of verbs that all use the same endings. You can think of a conjugation as a verb family.&nbsp;Most inflected languages have a number of distinct conjugations. Latin, for example, has four main conjugations, French and Spanish have&nbsp;three.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Greek has two conjugations. They are named and identified by the 1st PERSON&nbsp;SINGULAR&nbsp;PRESENT INDICATIVE &nbsp;ACTIVE ending that they use.&nbsp;The verbs that we met earlier use the 1st person singular present indicative active ending -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, so they are known as&nbsp;\u201c-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs.\u201d This is one conjugation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Most Greek verbs belong to&nbsp;the other conjugation, known as &nbsp;\u201c-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs,\u201d because they use the 1st person singular present indicative active ending -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>. Both conjugations build and parse the same way. They just use somewhat different endings to designate person and number.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>Omega Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As with the -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> conjugation, the -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> conjugation begins building a Greek verb with the&nbsp;VERB STEM.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>- \u201cloosen, destroy\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2<\/span>- \u201ctake\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>-&nbsp;\u201cknow\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>The Thematic Vowel<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">All -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs have a sort of buffer sound just before the verb\u2019s ending. This buffer is a vowel sound called the THEMATIC VOWEL (S 377).&nbsp;The -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs do not have this vowel.&nbsp;This thematic vowel, usually an <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>, blends with the verb ending in a stable, consistent way, so you actually learn the thematic vowel and the personal&nbsp;ending together as one combined personal ending.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">The good news is that the thematic vowel keeps the verb ending stable.&nbsp;Remember&nbsp;that&nbsp;some -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs change vowel lengths or make other changes when a -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span>- is added to a verb stem. Verbs of the -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> conjugation&nbsp;are not as susceptible to these types of changes because of the thematic vowel.<\/p>\n<p>Generally speaking, verbs that use the thematic vowel (i.e., -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs) are also called THEMATIC VERBS. Likewise,&nbsp;verbs that do not use the thematic vowel (i.e., -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs) are called ATHEMATIC VERBS.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Personal Endings<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">To indicate person and number, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs need distinct personal endings, which are as follows:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines undefined\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;= you (2nd person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5&nbsp;<\/span>= y\u2019all (2nd person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd person sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd person pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Notice that the THEMATIC VOWEL&nbsp;is an <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;sound in the 1st person (singular and plural) and the 3rd person plural, but an <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;sound in the 2nd person (singular and plural) and the 3rd person singular.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Building a Greek Verb: Verb-Stem Presents<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Let's see how to form an -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verb in the&nbsp;Present Tense, Indicative Mood, Active&nbsp;Voice. For a large number of -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs, the VERB STEM and the PRESENT STEM are identical (S 499). One example is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>-,&nbsp;<em>loosen, set free, destroy<\/em>. Putting it all together, the&nbsp;Present Indicative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>is as follows (S 382; GPH p. 69).<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines undefined\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span> &nbsp;I loosen, set free, destroy<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;we loosen, set free, destroy<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span> you loosen, set free, destroy<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> you all&nbsp;loosen, set free, destroy<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9<\/span> (s)he, it loosens, sets free, destroys<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;they loosen, set free, destroy<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note that -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs follow all the regular RECESSIVE ACCENT rules.&nbsp;For the present active INFINITIVE, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs use the&nbsp;ending \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;instead of -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>.&nbsp;These infinitives accent the PENULT, just as the -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9 <\/span>infinitive&nbsp;does.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>, \u201cto loosen, set free, destroy\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Building a Greek Verb: -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span> verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Like some -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs, adding a -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>- to the VERB STEM&nbsp;often marks a verb as PRESENT TENSE (S 523). To make a verb easier to pronounce, the stem often adds \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>\u2013 rather than \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>\u2013 by itself.&nbsp;For example, this stem looks (and sounds) like this:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2<\/span> = \u201ctake\u201d <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(verb stem)<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd<\/span> = \u201ctake\u201d (present tense stem)<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Note&nbsp;that <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc<\/span> is added to make the verb easier to say.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">The Present Indicative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines undefined\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span> &nbsp;I take<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;we&nbsp;take<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span> you take<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> you all take<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9<\/span> (s)he, it takes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;they take<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">present, infinitive, active: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Building a Greek Verb: -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Unlike -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs have yet another specific marker to indicate the verb is in the present tense: -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03ba<\/span>- (S 526).&nbsp;Like some -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs \u2013 e.g. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> \u2013 some (not all!) -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/span> verbs duplicate the initial sound of the stem in the present tense.&nbsp;For example:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9<\/span> = \u201cknow\u201d (verb stem) becomes&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03ba<\/span> = \u201cknow\u201d (present stem).<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">The Present Indicative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/span>:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines undefined\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/span> I know<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;we know<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span> you know<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> you all know<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9<\/span> (s)he, it knows<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;they know<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>present, infinitive, active: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">- \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 -<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key&nbsp;Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>THE TWO GREEK CONJUGATIONS<\/li>\n<li>THEMATIC VOWEL<\/li>\n<li>THEMATIC VERBS<\/li>\n<li>ATHEMATIC VERBS<\/li>\n<li>VERB STEM PRESENTS<\/li>\n<li>TRANSITIVE VERBS<\/li>\n<li>INTRANSITIVE VERBS<\/li>\n<li>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span> VERBS<\/li>\n<li>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/span> VERBS<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Verb-Stem Presents<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;hear<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;deliberate, resolve<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03b8\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;sacrifice<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;order<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c9&nbsp;cry out<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;prevent<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c9&nbsp;say<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;loosen, destroy<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;release, divorce, forgive<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;stop<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;be left over, increase, exceed<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;trust, rely on, believe in (+ dat.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;carry; (mid.) go, march<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03c6\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;produce,&nbsp;bring forth, grow<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2013\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4-) \u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;miss, fail, make a mistake<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03b2\u03b7-) \u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;walk, come, go<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;walk up, go aboard, enter<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;happen, agree, result<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u1f10\u03bb\u03b1-) \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03cd\u03bd\u03c9 drive, set in motion<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2-) \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;take, grab; receive, get<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;seize, catch up to, arrest<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;take, receive, accept<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;take up, reply, suppose<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03bb\u03b1\u03b8-) \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;escape notice of; (mid.) forget<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03bc\u03b1\u03b8-) \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;learn<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03c0\u03b9-) \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;drink<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc-) \u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;cut<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7-) \u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;meet (+gen)<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2013\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9&nbsp;Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd-)&nbsp;\u03b8\u03bd\u1fc4\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9 or&nbsp;\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03bd\u1fc4\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9&nbsp;die<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9-) \u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9&nbsp;know<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9&nbsp;read<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9&nbsp;know, recognize, understand<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">Note: Classical \u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9 becomes \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9 in Koine Greek.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c7-) \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9&nbsp;teach<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03b5\u1f51\u03c1-) \u03b5\u1f51\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9&nbsp;find<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7-) \u03bc\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9&nbsp;remind<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>\u0399. Conjugate in full the following verbs; be sure to include the infinitive.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0399\u0399. For the following verbs, 1) Write out the Greek form, providing its correct accent; 2) If the verb is an&nbsp;\u2013\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9,&nbsp;or \u2013\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9 verb, provide its verb stem, as given in the vocabulary; 3) Translate the form in&nbsp;English; and 4) Change the form to its opposite number (singular to plural, plural to singular).&nbsp;If the form is infinitive, no change to an opposite number is possible; simply supply the correct accent.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bc\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c5\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b8\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f51\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6\u03c5\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b8\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9\n<div class=\"layoutArea\"><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_676\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-676\" style=\"width: 2048px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2016\/11\/i-3845.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-67\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/i-3845.jpeg\" alt=\"2011.05.0110\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1877\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/i-3845.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/i-3845-300x275.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/i-3845-768x704.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/i-3845-1024x939.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/i-3845-65x60.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/i-3845-225x206.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/i-3845-350x321.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-676\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grave monument for Athenokles, 4th c. B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Transitive&nbsp;and&nbsp;Intransitive<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>All verbs&nbsp;can be identified by whether or not they need&nbsp;a direct object to complete their meaning. TRANSITIVE&nbsp;verbs do take a direct object.&nbsp;INTRANSITIVE&nbsp;verbs do not. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Transitive verb&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>):&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f06\u03b8\u03bb\u03b1 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>.&nbsp;<em>He&nbsp;gives prizes <\/em>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f06\u03b8\u03bb\u03b1<\/span>) <em>to others <\/em>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li>Intransitive verb (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af<\/span>):&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03af \u1f10\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f66 \u039b\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9<\/span>.&nbsp;<em>We&nbsp;are worthy <\/em>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03af<\/span>)<em>, Lakedaimonians<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>While most verbs are either transitive or intransitive, some verbs can be BOTH.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Transitive use (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>):<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd<\/span>.&nbsp;<em>They are standing\/setting (up) the mast<\/em>&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li>Intransitive use (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f35\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>):&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>.&nbsp;<em>They are standing\/stationed around the city <\/em>(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>)<em>.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>While most English transitive&nbsp;verbs are also&nbsp;transitive in Greek, there are a handful of English transitive verbs, such as <em>obey<\/em> or <em>serve<\/em>, that are intransitive in Greek! If any Greek verbs are marked with&nbsp;(+ dat.) or&nbsp;(+ gen.), this means that the object of the verb is not in the accusative case (as we might expect in English), but rather in the dative or genitive case, respectively.<\/p>\n<p>Such verbs, while INTRANSITIVE in Greek, effectively become TRANSITIVE when translated into English.&nbsp;For example, while a&nbsp;Greek would say that &#8220;I have trust for someone,&#8221;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03af<\/span>,&nbsp;in English we can say \u2013 and so can translate the Greek \u2013 &#8220;I trust someone.&#8221;&nbsp;When learning Greek verbs, therefore, be sure to note whether they are transitive, intransitive, or both, and whether they take their object in a case other than the accusative. If in doubt, Greek dictionaries often mark whether a verb is used transitively or intransitively, usually with abbreviations such as <em>trans<\/em>. and <em>intrans<\/em>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Conjugations<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Latin verb <em>conjugare<\/em> means \u201cto join together,\u201d and from this verb CONJUGATE&nbsp;means to join a verb stem together with its endings.&nbsp;Thus conjugating the present indicative active of a Greek verb means saying or writing out all the forms in the present indicative active.&nbsp;From the practice of conjugating verbs, we can speak of a CONJUGATION.&nbsp;A conjugation is simply a set of verbs that all use the same endings. You can think of a conjugation as a verb family.&nbsp;Most inflected languages have a number of distinct conjugations. Latin, for example, has four main conjugations, French and Spanish have&nbsp;three.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Greek has two conjugations. They are named and identified by the 1st PERSON&nbsp;SINGULAR&nbsp;PRESENT INDICATIVE &nbsp;ACTIVE ending that they use.&nbsp;The verbs that we met earlier use the 1st person singular present indicative active ending &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span>, so they are known as&nbsp;\u201c-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs.\u201d This is one conjugation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Most Greek verbs belong to&nbsp;the other conjugation, known as &nbsp;\u201c-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs,\u201d because they use the 1st person singular present indicative active ending &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>. Both conjugations build and parse the same way. They just use somewhat different endings to designate person and number.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Omega Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As with the &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> conjugation, the &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> conjugation begins building a Greek verb with the&nbsp;VERB STEM.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>&#8211; \u201cloosen, destroy\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2<\/span>&#8211; \u201ctake\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>&#8211;&nbsp;\u201cknow\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>The Thematic Vowel<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">All &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs have a sort of buffer sound just before the verb\u2019s ending. This buffer is a vowel sound called the THEMATIC VOWEL (S 377).&nbsp;The &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs do not have this vowel.&nbsp;This thematic vowel, usually an <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span> or <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>, blends with the verb ending in a stable, consistent way, so you actually learn the thematic vowel and the personal&nbsp;ending together as one combined personal ending.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">The good news is that the thematic vowel keeps the verb ending stable.&nbsp;Remember&nbsp;that&nbsp;some &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs change vowel lengths or make other changes when a &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span>&#8211; is added to a verb stem. Verbs of the &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> conjugation&nbsp;are not as susceptible to these types of changes because of the thematic vowel.<\/p>\n<p>Generally speaking, verbs that use the thematic vowel (i.e., &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs) are also called THEMATIC VERBS. Likewise,&nbsp;verbs that do not use the thematic vowel (i.e., &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs) are called ATHEMATIC VERBS.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Personal Endings<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">To indicate person and number, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs need distinct personal endings, which are as follows:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines undefined\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;= I (1st person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43.21875px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;= we (1st person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;= you (2nd person singular)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5&nbsp;<\/span>= y\u2019all (2nd person plural)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 43px\">\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= (s)he, it (3rd person sg)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 43px\">\n<p class=\"no-indent\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;= they (3rd person pl)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Notice that the THEMATIC VOWEL&nbsp;is an <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span>&nbsp;sound in the 1st person (singular and plural) and the 3rd person plural, but an <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;sound in the 2nd person (singular and plural) and the 3rd person singular.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Building a Greek Verb: Verb-Stem Presents<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Let&#8217;s see how to form an &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verb in the&nbsp;Present Tense, Indicative Mood, Active&nbsp;Voice. For a large number of &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs, the VERB STEM and the PRESENT STEM are identical (S 499). One example is <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03c5<\/span>-,&nbsp;<em>loosen, set free, destroy<\/em>. Putting it all together, the&nbsp;Present Indicative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;<\/span>is as follows (S 382; GPH p. 69).<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines undefined\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/span> &nbsp;I loosen, set free, destroy<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;we loosen, set free, destroy<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span> you loosen, set free, destroy<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> you all&nbsp;loosen, set free, destroy<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9<\/span> (s)he, it loosens, sets free, destroys<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;they loosen, set free, destroy<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note that &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs follow all the regular RECESSIVE ACCENT rules.&nbsp;For the present active INFINITIVE, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs use the&nbsp;ending \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;instead of &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/span>.&nbsp;These infinitives accent the PENULT, just as the &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9 <\/span>infinitive&nbsp;does.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>, \u201cto loosen, set free, destroy\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Building a Greek Verb: &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span> verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Like some &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs, adding a &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>&#8211; to the VERB STEM&nbsp;often marks a verb as PRESENT TENSE (S 523). To make a verb easier to pronounce, the stem often adds \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03bd<\/span>\u2013 rather than \u2013<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>\u2013 by itself.&nbsp;For example, this stem looks (and sounds) like this:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2<\/span> = \u201ctake\u201d <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>(verb stem)<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd<\/span> = \u201ctake\u201d (present tense stem)<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Note&nbsp;that <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc<\/span> is added to make the verb easier to say.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">The Present Indicative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span>:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines undefined\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span> &nbsp;I take<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;we&nbsp;take<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span> you take<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> you all take<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9<\/span> (s)he, it takes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;they take<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">present, infinitive, active: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Building a Greek Verb: &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/span>&nbsp;verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Unlike &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> verbs have yet another specific marker to indicate the verb is in the present tense: &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03ba<\/span>&#8211; (S 526).&nbsp;Like some &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> verbs \u2013 e.g. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/span> \u2013 some (not all!) &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/span> verbs duplicate the initial sound of the stem in the present tense.&nbsp;For example:&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9<\/span> = \u201cknow\u201d (verb stem) becomes&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03ba<\/span> = \u201cknow\u201d (present stem).<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">The Present Indicative Active of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/span>:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines undefined\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/span> I know<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;we know<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span> you know<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/span> you all know<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9<\/span> (s)he, it knows<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;they know<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>present, infinitive, active: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211; \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 &#8211;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key&nbsp;Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>THE TWO GREEK CONJUGATIONS<\/li>\n<li>THEMATIC VOWEL<\/li>\n<li>THEMATIC VERBS<\/li>\n<li>ATHEMATIC VERBS<\/li>\n<li>VERB STEM PRESENTS<\/li>\n<li>TRANSITIVE VERBS<\/li>\n<li>INTRANSITIVE VERBS<\/li>\n<li>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/span> VERBS<\/li>\n<li>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/span> VERBS<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Verb-Stem Presents<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;hear<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;deliberate, resolve<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03b8\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;sacrifice<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;order<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c9&nbsp;cry out<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;prevent<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c9&nbsp;say<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;loosen, destroy<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;release, divorce, forgive<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;stop<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;be left over, increase, exceed<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;trust, rely on, believe in (+ dat.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;carry; (mid.) go, march<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03c6\u03cd\u03c9&nbsp;produce,&nbsp;bring forth, grow<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2013\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4-) \u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;miss, fail, make a mistake<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03b2\u03b7-) \u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;walk, come, go<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;walk up, go aboard, enter<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;happen, agree, result<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u1f10\u03bb\u03b1-) \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03cd\u03bd\u03c9 drive, set in motion<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2-) \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;take, grab; receive, get<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;seize, catch up to, arrest<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;take, receive, accept<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;take up, reply, suppose<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03bb\u03b1\u03b8-) \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;escape notice of; (mid.) forget<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03bc\u03b1\u03b8-) \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;learn<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03c0\u03b9-) \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;drink<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc-) \u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;cut<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7-) \u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9&nbsp;meet (+gen)<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2013\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9&nbsp;Verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd-)&nbsp;\u03b8\u03bd\u1fc4\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9 or&nbsp;\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03bd\u1fc4\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9&nbsp;die<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9-) \u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9&nbsp;know<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9&nbsp;read<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9&nbsp;know, recognize, understand<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">Note: Classical \u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9 becomes \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9 in Koine Greek.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c7-) \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9&nbsp;teach<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03b5\u1f51\u03c1-) \u03b5\u1f51\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9&nbsp;find<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7-) \u03bc\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9&nbsp;remind<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>\u0399. Conjugate in full the following verbs; be sure to include the infinitive.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0399\u0399. For the following verbs, 1) Write out the Greek form, providing its correct accent; 2) If the verb is an&nbsp;\u2013\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9,&nbsp;or \u2013\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9 verb, provide its verb stem, as given in the vocabulary; 3) Translate the form in&nbsp;English; and 4) Change the form to its opposite number (singular to plural, plural to singular).&nbsp;If the form is infinitive, no change to an opposite number is possible; simply supply the correct accent.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03bc\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c5\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b8\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b5\u1f51\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6\u03c5\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b8\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9\n<div class=\"layoutArea\"><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-68","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/68","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/68\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":69,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/68\/revisions\/69"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/68\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=68"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=68"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=68"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=68"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}