{"id":78,"date":"2016-11-10T17:02:43","date_gmt":"2016-11-10T17:02:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/22-future-consonant-stems\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:23","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:23","slug":"22-future-consonant-stems","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/22-future-consonant-stems\/","title":{"rendered":"The Future Tense: Consonant Stems"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_717\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"2000\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2016\/11\/i-4712.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-77\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/i-4712.jpeg\" alt=\"2009.04.0242\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1312\"><\/a> Base for a statue made by the renowned 4th c. B.C. sculptor Praxiteles. The inscription dates to ca. 50 B.C.-50 A.D. The base was later incorporated into the Post-Herulian Wall, a late Roman wall that was hastily built to fend off invaders. The base remains in this wall today. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>The Future Tense:&nbsp;Consonant Stems<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>In the previous lesson, we learned the formula to form the future tense: verb stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> + -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> personal endings. If the verb stem ends in a CONSONANT, the addition of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> results in a number of predictable sound changes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>If the verb stem ends in a labial (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6<\/span>), the addition of the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> results in <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c8<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>If the verb stem ends in a dental (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8 <\/span>and -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b6<\/span>), the dental drops, leaving only the tense marker <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>If the verb stem ends in a palatal&nbsp;(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c7<\/span>),&nbsp;the addition of the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> results in <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03be<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These combinations affect only the pronunciation, not the meaning of the verb, but they do yield distinctive spellings.&nbsp;This lesson&nbsp;introduces new verbs, organized by the type of consonant that ends the stem.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Verb stems&nbsp;ending in a labial (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6<\/span>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f05\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f05\u03c8\u03c9<\/span> touch<br>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9 -\u03c8\u03c9<\/span> write, draw<br>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 -\u03c8\u03c9<\/span> leave<br>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c9 -\u03c8\u03c9<\/span> send<br>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03c9 -\u03c8\u03c9<\/span> turn<br>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03c9 \u03b8\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03c9<\/span> nourish (note the change in aspiration of the initial consonant!)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Verb stems ending in a dental (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8<\/span> and -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b6<\/span>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"indent no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> be amazed<br>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> equip, supply<br>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f40\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> call by name<br>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b8\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> persuade<br>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u1ff4\u03b6\u03c9, \u03c3\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> save&nbsp;(note the change in the use of the iota subscript&nbsp;in the penult!)<br>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> tell<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Verb stems&nbsp;ending in a palatal (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c7<\/span>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03b3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> lead, bring, pass (time)<br>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> go away<br>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> begin, lead, rule (+ gen.)<br>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">-\u03be\u03c9<\/span> exist, be, belong to<br>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03be\u03c9<\/span> teach<br>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03ba\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> pursue<br>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f25\u03ba\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> have come, be present<br>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> say, tell<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Verb stems&nbsp;ending in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c4<\/span>\/-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">A number of verbs&nbsp;with stems ending in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c4<\/span>-&nbsp;in&nbsp;Classical Athenian Greek were treated as though they were palatals: i.e.,&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>+<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03c3 <\/span>=<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03be&nbsp;<\/span>(S 513-514). These Athenian&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c4<\/span>- verbs were spelled instead with -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c3<\/span>- in most other Greek dialects, including&nbsp;Koine (Biblical) Greek (S 78). These words are the same with either spelling, as are their futures: both result in <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03be<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> do &nbsp;(= <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span>)<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> arrange &nbsp;(= <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span>)<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> subordinate, subject &nbsp;(=&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span>)<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> watch, guard, defend &nbsp;(= <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span>)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">- \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 -<\/p>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key&nbsp;Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>FUTURE TENSE OF LABIAL VERB STEMS<\/li>\n<li>FUTURE TENSE OF DENTAL&nbsp;VERB STEMS<\/li>\n<li>FUTURE TENSE OF PALATAL&nbsp;VERB STEMS<\/li>\n<li>FUTURE TENSE OF -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c4<\/span>\/-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c3<\/span>&nbsp;VERB STEMS<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Verb stems&nbsp;ending in a labial (-\u03c0, -\u03b2, -\u03c6)<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u1f05\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f05\u03c8\u03c9&nbsp;touch<br>\n\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9 -\u03c8\u03c9&nbsp;write, draw<br>\n\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 -\u03c8\u03c9&nbsp;leave<br>\n\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c9 -\u03c8\u03c9&nbsp;send<br>\n\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03c9 -\u03c8\u03c9&nbsp;turn<br>\n\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03c9 \u03b8\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03c9&nbsp;nourish<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Verb stems ending in a dental (-\u03b4, -\u03b8 and -\u03b6)<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9&nbsp;be amazed<br>\n\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9&nbsp;equip, supply<br>\n\u1f40\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9&nbsp;call by name<br>\n\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b8\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9&nbsp;persuade<br>\n\u03c3\u1ff4\u03b6\u03c9, \u03c3\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9&nbsp;save<br>\n\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9&nbsp;tell<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Verb stems&nbsp;ending in a palatal (-\u03ba, -\u03b3, -\u03c7)<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u1f04\u03b3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;lead, bring, pass (time)<br>\n\u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;go away<br>\n\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;begin, lead, rule (+ gen.)<br>\n\u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9&nbsp;exist, be, belong to<br>\n\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;teach<br>\n\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03ba\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;pursue<br>\n\u1f25\u03ba\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;have come, be present<br>\n\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;say, tell<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Verb stems&nbsp;ending in -\u03c4\u03c4\/-\u03c3\u03c3<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;do &nbsp;(=&nbsp;\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9)<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;arrange &nbsp;(=&nbsp;\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9)<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;subordinate, subject &nbsp;(=&nbsp;\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9)<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;watch, guard, defend &nbsp;(=&nbsp;\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>\u0399.&nbsp;Conjugate the following verbs in the FUTURE, active, indicative in all persons and numbers, as well as in the infinitive:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u1f04\u03b3\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b8\u03c9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0399\u0399.&nbsp;For the following verbs and infinitives, 1) Translate the form in&nbsp;English; and 2) Change the form to the present tense.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u1f40\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f25\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03c9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_717\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-717\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2016\/11\/i-4712.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/i-4712.jpeg\" alt=\"2009.04.0242\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1312\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/i-4712.jpeg 2000w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/i-4712-300x197.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/i-4712-768x504.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/i-4712-1024x672.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/i-4712-65x43.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/i-4712-225x148.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2017\/08\/i-4712-350x230.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-717\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Base for a statue made by the renowned 4th c. B.C. sculptor Praxiteles. The inscription dates to ca. 50 B.C.-50 A.D. The base was later incorporated into the Post-Herulian Wall, a late Roman wall that was hastily built to fend off invaders. The base remains in this wall today. Athenian Agora Excavations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>The Future Tense:&nbsp;Consonant Stems<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>In the previous lesson, we learned the formula to form the future tense: verb stem + <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> + &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span> personal endings. If the verb stem ends in a CONSONANT, the addition of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> results in a number of predictable sound changes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>If the verb stem ends in a labial (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6<\/span>), the addition of the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> results in <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c8<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>If the verb stem ends in a dental (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8 <\/span>and &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b6<\/span>), the dental drops, leaving only the tense marker <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>If the verb stem ends in a palatal&nbsp;(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c7<\/span>),&nbsp;the addition of the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3<\/span> results in <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03be<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These combinations affect only the pronunciation, not the meaning of the verb, but they do yield distinctive spellings.&nbsp;This lesson&nbsp;introduces new verbs, organized by the type of consonant that ends the stem.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Verb stems&nbsp;ending in a labial (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6<\/span>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f05\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f05\u03c8\u03c9<\/span> touch<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9 -\u03c8\u03c9<\/span> write, draw<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 -\u03c8\u03c9<\/span> leave<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c9 -\u03c8\u03c9<\/span> send<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03c9 -\u03c8\u03c9<\/span> turn<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03c9 \u03b8\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03c9<\/span> nourish (note the change in aspiration of the initial consonant!)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Verb stems ending in a dental (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8<\/span> and &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b6<\/span>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"indent no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> be amazed<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> equip, supply<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f40\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> call by name<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b8\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> persuade<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u1ff4\u03b6\u03c9, \u03c3\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> save&nbsp;(note the change in the use of the iota subscript&nbsp;in the penult!)<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9<\/span> tell<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Verb stems&nbsp;ending in a palatal (-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ba<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b3<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c7<\/span>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03b3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> lead, bring, pass (time)<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> go away<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> begin, lead, rule (+ gen.)<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">-\u03be\u03c9<\/span> exist, be, belong to<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03be\u03c9<\/span> teach<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03ba\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> pursue<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f25\u03ba\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> have come, be present<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> say, tell<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Verb stems&nbsp;ending in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c4<\/span>\/-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">A number of verbs&nbsp;with stems ending in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c4<\/span>&#8211;&nbsp;in&nbsp;Classical Athenian Greek were treated as though they were palatals: i.e.,&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>+<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"> \u03c3 <\/span>=<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03be&nbsp;<\/span>(S 513-514). These Athenian&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c4<\/span>&#8211; verbs were spelled instead with &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c3<\/span>&#8211; in most other Greek dialects, including&nbsp;Koine (Biblical) Greek (S 78). These words are the same with either spelling, as are their futures: both result in <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03be<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> do &nbsp;(= <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span>)<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> arrange &nbsp;(= <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span>)<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> subordinate, subject &nbsp;(=&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span>)<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span> watch, guard, defend &nbsp;(= <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9<\/span>)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211; \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 &#8211;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key&nbsp;Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>FUTURE TENSE OF LABIAL VERB STEMS<\/li>\n<li>FUTURE TENSE OF DENTAL&nbsp;VERB STEMS<\/li>\n<li>FUTURE TENSE OF PALATAL&nbsp;VERB STEMS<\/li>\n<li>FUTURE TENSE OF &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03c4<\/span>\/-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c3\u03c3<\/span>&nbsp;VERB STEMS<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Verb stems&nbsp;ending in a labial (-\u03c0, -\u03b2, -\u03c6)<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u1f05\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f05\u03c8\u03c9&nbsp;touch<br \/>\n\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9 -\u03c8\u03c9&nbsp;write, draw<br \/>\n\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 -\u03c8\u03c9&nbsp;leave<br \/>\n\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c9 -\u03c8\u03c9&nbsp;send<br \/>\n\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03c9 -\u03c8\u03c9&nbsp;turn<br \/>\n\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03c9 \u03b8\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03c9&nbsp;nourish<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Verb stems ending in a dental (-\u03b4, -\u03b8 and -\u03b6)<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9&nbsp;be amazed<br \/>\n\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9&nbsp;equip, supply<br \/>\n\u1f40\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9&nbsp;call by name<br \/>\n\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b8\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9&nbsp;persuade<br \/>\n\u03c3\u1ff4\u03b6\u03c9, \u03c3\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9&nbsp;save<br \/>\n\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 -\u03c3\u03c9&nbsp;tell<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Verb stems&nbsp;ending in a palatal (-\u03ba, -\u03b3, -\u03c7)<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u1f04\u03b3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;lead, bring, pass (time)<br \/>\n\u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;go away<br \/>\n\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;begin, lead, rule (+ gen.)<br \/>\n\u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9&nbsp;exist, be, belong to<br \/>\n\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;teach<br \/>\n\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03ba\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;pursue<br \/>\n\u1f25\u03ba\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;have come, be present<br \/>\n\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;say, tell<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Verb stems&nbsp;ending in -\u03c4\u03c4\/-\u03c3\u03c3<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;do &nbsp;(=&nbsp;\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9)<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;arrange &nbsp;(=&nbsp;\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9)<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;subordinate, subject &nbsp;(=&nbsp;\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9)<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9&nbsp;watch, guard, defend &nbsp;(=&nbsp;\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 -\u03be\u03c9)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>\u0399.&nbsp;Conjugate the following verbs in the FUTURE, active, indicative in all persons and numbers, as well as in the infinitive:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u1f04\u03b3\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b8\u03c9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0399\u0399.&nbsp;For the following verbs and infinitives, 1) Translate the form in&nbsp;English; and 2) Change the form to the present tense.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/li>\n<li>\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u1f40\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u1f25\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03c9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-78","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":79,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78\/revisions\/79"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=78"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=78"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=78"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=78"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}