{"id":96,"date":"2017-01-04T22:55:01","date_gmt":"2017-01-04T22:55:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/29-other-stems-part-two\/"},"modified":"2018-01-19T11:35:26","modified_gmt":"2018-01-19T11:35:26","slug":"29-other-stems-part-two","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/chapter\/29-other-stems-part-two\/","title":{"rendered":"Third Declension Nouns: Stems in -\u03b9 and -\u03c5"},"content":{"raw":"\n[caption id=\"attachment_892\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"711\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/01\/i-5041.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-95\" src=\"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-5041.jpeg\" alt=\"2011.05.0052\" width=\"711\" height=\"1024\"><\/a> Funeral lekythos with relief. Above the seated figure is the inscription: \u03a0\u0395\u0399\u0398\u0399\u03a3. 4th c. B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.[\/caption]\n<hr>\n<h2><strong>3rd Declension&nbsp;Nouns Concluded<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>In this lesson, we conclude our discussion of&nbsp;3rd Declension nouns. Here we introduce noun stems ending in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>, and -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Stems&nbsp;Ending in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Most nouns preserve this stem vowel only in the NOMINATIVE&nbsp;and ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR. In the other cases and numbers, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span> replaces -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span> as the stem vowel (S 268-271).&nbsp;This class of nouns shares a number of other attributes, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>These nouns are usually feminine.<\/li>\n<li>The genitive singular ending lengthens from -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> to -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03c2<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Neither the -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/span> ending of the genitive singular nor the&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;ending of the genitive plural&nbsp;draw the accent&nbsp;off of an antepenult.<\/li>\n<li>The accusative singular uses -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span> (familiar from the definite article) instead of -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>The nominative and accusative plural both end in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b5\u03c2<\/span>, which contracts to -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As&nbsp;with nouns with -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c1<\/span> stems,&nbsp;these changes in the noun stem and accent patterns require memorization. The good news is that all the -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span> stem nouns in the vocabulary&nbsp;share the inflection pattern of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21&nbsp;\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;<em>city<\/em> (S 268; GPH p. 15):<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Singular<\/td>\n<td>Plural<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<br>\n<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>The fact that the&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/span> and -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;endings do not draw the accent&nbsp;off of an antepenult is striking. This peculiarity is the result of changes in the pronunciation of words like&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>. The earlier form of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/span> was&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>. The <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span> and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span> switched their vowel lengths over time&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span> shortened to <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>, and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span> lengthened to <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>!), in a process called TRANSFERENCE OF QUANTITY (S 34). The accent, however, stayed on the antepenult during this process. The accent of the genitive plural gradually switched to the antepenult to match the genitive singular accent.<\/p>\n<p>Transference of quantity is similar to METATHESIS, in which a vowel and consonant can switch places (S 128). English pronunciation has a number of such switches. For example, a vowel can switch places with an \"r\" in actual pronunciation for many English speakers:&nbsp;<em>iron<\/em> is often pronounced <em>iern<\/em>, and <em>prescription<\/em> pronounced <em>perscription<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Stems&nbsp;Ending in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c5<\/span>, and -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1. As with&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;stem&nbsp;nouns, <strong>-<\/strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span> stem nouns preserve the&nbsp;stem vowel only in the NOMINATIVE and ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR. In the other cases and numbers, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;replaces -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;as the stem vowel (S 268-271). Many -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span> stem nouns share&nbsp;a number of other attributes with -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;stem&nbsp;nouns, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The genitive singular ending lengthens from -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;to -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03c2<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Neither the -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;ending of the genitive singular (due to transference of quantity) nor the&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;ending of the genitive plural draw the accent&nbsp;off of an antepenult.<\/li>\n<li>The accusative singular uses -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;instead of -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>The nominative and accusative plural both end in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b5\u03c2<\/span>, which contracts to -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Note, for example, the inflection of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03c5\u03c2&nbsp;-\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;<em>old man<\/em>:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Singular<\/td>\n<td>Plural<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03c5\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03c5\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>2. Kings, Priests, and Horsemen!<\/p>\n<p>Noun stems ending in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5<\/span> exhibit more irregularities than stems that end in just -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span>. The inflection patterns of these nouns must be memorized, though some observations may help. Note the following changes that occur in the inflection of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41&nbsp;\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 -\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2<\/span> \"king\" (S 275; GPH p. 16):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The noun stem&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;drops the -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5 <\/span>before another vowel, leaving just an -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5 <\/span>for its stem vowel.<\/li>\n<li>The genitive singular ending lengthens from -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;to -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03c2<\/span>, due to transference of quantity.<\/li>\n<li>The accent persists on the stem vowel,&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>. Note that for the dative singular, the original form was&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad<\/span>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>, the noun stem plus the case ending. These two vowels form a diphthong, and the resulting accent, as expected, forms a circumflex.<\/li>\n<li>The&nbsp;nominative plural lengthens the&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5 <\/span>to an -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7 <\/span>(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ad\u1f72\u03c2 <\/span>=<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc6\u03c2<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li>The endings for the accusative singular and plural do not contract (the&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span> of both endings is long).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Not long after the Classical period, the NOMINATIVE&nbsp;and ACCUSATIVE&nbsp;PLURALS of these -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5<\/span> nouns change to -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2<\/span>, in parallel with the endings shared by -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span> stem nouns and -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span> stem nouns such as <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03c5\u03c2&nbsp;<\/span>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/span>. The rest of the noun inflects&nbsp;as it did&nbsp;in the Classical period.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 -\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41<\/span> <em>king<\/em> (post-Classical forms in parentheses)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Singular<\/td>\n<td>Plural<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2&nbsp;(\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Also inflected&nbsp;on this pattern are the following two nouns:<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 -\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41<\/span> <em>priest<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c0\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 -\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41<\/span> <em>horseman, charioteer<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3. Ships!<\/p>\n<p>The noun&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21&nbsp;\u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03c2<\/span> \"ship\" is a common word in Greek, as might be expected for a people closely associated with seafaring.&nbsp;The&nbsp;stem for this noun&nbsp;ends in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c5<\/span>. Like noun&nbsp;stems ending in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5<\/span>,&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c5<\/span> nouns&nbsp;exhibit more irregularities than stems that end in just -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span>. The inflection pattern of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21&nbsp;\u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03c2&nbsp;<\/span>must be memorized, though some observations may help (S 275; GPH p. 16).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The vowel&nbsp;stem -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;drops the -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5&nbsp;<\/span>before another vowel, resulting in a vowel stem of&nbsp;either -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span> or -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>The genitive singular ending lengthens from -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;to -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03c2<\/span>,&nbsp;due to transference of quantity.<\/li>\n<li>The accent&nbsp;pattern follows that of a monosyllabic nouns of the 3rd Declension.<\/li>\n<li>The accusative singular uses -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;instead of -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>The nominative singular and accusative plural are identical in form.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03c2 \u1f21<\/span> <em>ship<\/em><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Singular<\/td>\n<td>Plural<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21 \u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31 \u03bd\u1fc6\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u03b5\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bd\u03b7\u03af<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03af<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>4.&nbsp;Bulls!<\/p>\n<p>The noun <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03cc\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;<em>bull<\/em> or <em>cow<\/em>, is also a common word in Greek. These animals were important not only for farming and animal husbandry, but for sacrifices.<\/p>\n<p>The&nbsp;stem for this noun&nbsp;ends in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5&nbsp;<\/span>(S 275; GPH p. 17). Like noun&nbsp;stems ending in -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5 <\/span>and<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c5<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5&nbsp;<\/span>nouns&nbsp;exhibit irregularities. The inflection pattern of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03cc\u03c2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>must be memorized, though some observations may help (S 275-278).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The vowel&nbsp;stem -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;drops the -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5&nbsp;<\/span>before another vowel,&nbsp;resulting in a vowel stem of -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>The genitive singular remains&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>. No transference of quantity can occur, since the stem vowel -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf&nbsp;<\/span>is short.<\/li>\n<li>The accent&nbsp;pattern follows that of a monosyllabic nouns of the 3rd Declension.<\/li>\n<li>The genitive singular and nominative plural endings do not contract.<\/li>\n<li>The accusative singular uses -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;instead of -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>The nominative singular and accusative plural are identical in form.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f41<\/span> <em>bull, ox<\/em>; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21<\/span> <em>cow<\/em><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Singular<\/td>\n<td>Plural<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41, \u1f21 \u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31, \u03b1\u1f31 \u03b2\u03cc\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03cc\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1ff7, \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b2\u03bf\u03af<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>Kings, ships, cows, and the digamma<\/p>\n<p>In earlier periods, there were three additional letters in the Greek alphabet: KOPPA (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03d9<\/span>), SAMPI (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03e1<\/span>), and DIGAMMA (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03dd<\/span>). The <em>koppa<\/em> is a K&nbsp;sound, and remained in use to represent the number 90 in Classical Greek. The <em>sampi<\/em> is a double-S sound, and remained in use to represent the number 900.<\/p>\n<p>The <em>digamma<\/em> represents the W sound. Though the sound, and so the letter, eventually dropped from most dialects by the Classical period, its presence and subsequent loss affected a number of Greek words, particularly nouns with stems ending in&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c5<\/span>, and -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5 <\/span>(S 122, 278). For example, forms such as&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2<\/span>,&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6<\/span>, and&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b1<\/span> ultimately derive from <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03dd\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03dd\u03b9<\/span>, and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03dd\u03b1<\/span>. Gradually, the loss of the <em>digamma<\/em>, together with transference of quantity, resulted in the forms that we encounter today.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, forms such as&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03c2<\/span> and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03bf\u03cc\u03c2<\/span> derive ultimately from&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b7\u03dd\u03cc\u03c2<\/span> and&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03bf\u03dd\u03cc\u03c2<\/span>. Compare these early forms with the Latin nouns&nbsp;<em>navis<\/em> and <em>bovis<\/em>, which preserved the W sound with the Latin letter V.&nbsp;Also of note: Latin preserved the letter&nbsp;<em>koppa<\/em> in its adaptation of the Greek alphabet, and is the source for the English letter Q.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">- \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 -<\/p>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key&nbsp;Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>STEMS ENDING IN -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>TRANSFERENCE OF QUANTITY<\/li>\n<li>STEMS ENDING IN -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5<\/span>, -<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c5<\/span>,&nbsp;-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>DIGAMMA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Stems&nbsp;Ending in \u2013\u03b9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c2 -\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f21 power<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 -\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f21 trust, proof, guarantee<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 -\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f21 city<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03be\u03b9\u03c2 -\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f21 action<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b9\u03c2 -\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f21 arrangement, order<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 -\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f21 nature<\/p>\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 -\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f21 favor, thanks. (Declines like a regular dental stem, except that its accusative singular is&nbsp;\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd, as though it were an \u2013\u03b9&nbsp;stem).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Stems Ending in \u2013\u03c5, \u2013\u03b5\u03c5, \u2013\u03b1\u03c5, and \u2013\u03bf\u03c5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 -\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41 king<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f41 bull, ox; \u1f21 cow<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 -\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41&nbsp;priest<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u1f31\u03c0\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 -\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41&nbsp;horseman, charioteer<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03c2 \u1f21 ship<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03c5\u03c2 -\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41 old man; (pl.) ambassadors<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>I. Memorize the vocabulary.<\/p>\n<p>II. Decline in full&nbsp;the following nouns:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>&nbsp;\u1f21 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f21 \u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f41 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2, \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f41 \u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03cc\u03c2<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>III. For the following noun forms, 1). Give the proper form of its article(s), and 2). Change to its opposite number (singular to plural, plural to singular).<\/p>\n<p>For example:&nbsp;\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2&nbsp;(answer: \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \/\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd)<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f31\u03c0\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_892\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-892\" style=\"width: 711px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientgreek.pressbooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48881\/2017\/01\/i-5041.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-95\" src=\"\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/navegarvela\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-5041.jpeg\" alt=\"2011.05.0052\" width=\"711\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-5041.jpeg 711w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-5041-208x300.jpeg 208w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-5041-65x94.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-5041-225x324.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2016\/06\/i-5041-350x504.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-892\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Funeral lekythos with relief. Above the seated figure is the inscription: \u03a0\u0395\u0399\u0398\u0399\u03a3. 4th c. B.C. Athenian Agora Excavations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>3rd Declension&nbsp;Nouns Concluded<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>In this lesson, we conclude our discussion of&nbsp;3rd Declension nouns. Here we introduce noun stems ending in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>, and &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Stems&nbsp;Ending in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Most nouns preserve this stem vowel only in the NOMINATIVE&nbsp;and ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR. In the other cases and numbers, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span> replaces &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span> as the stem vowel (S 268-271).&nbsp;This class of nouns shares a number of other attributes, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>These nouns are usually feminine.<\/li>\n<li>The genitive singular ending lengthens from &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c2<\/span> to &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03c2<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Neither the &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/span> ending of the genitive singular nor the&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;ending of the genitive plural&nbsp;draw the accent&nbsp;off of an antepenult.<\/li>\n<li>The accusative singular uses &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span> (familiar from the definite article) instead of &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>The nominative and accusative plural both end in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b5\u03c2<\/span>, which contracts to &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As&nbsp;with nouns with &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c1<\/span> stems,&nbsp;these changes in the noun stem and accent patterns require memorization. The good news is that all the &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span> stem nouns in the vocabulary&nbsp;share the inflection pattern of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21&nbsp;\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;<em>city<\/em> (S 268; GPH p. 15):<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Singular<\/td>\n<td>Plural<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<br \/>\n<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>The fact that the&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/span> and &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;endings do not draw the accent&nbsp;off of an antepenult is striking. This peculiarity is the result of changes in the pronunciation of words like&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>. The earlier form of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/span> was&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>. The <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span> and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span> switched their vowel lengths over time&nbsp;(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span> shortened to <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>, and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span> lengthened to <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9<\/span>!), in a process called TRANSFERENCE OF QUANTITY (S 34). The accent, however, stayed on the antepenult during this process. The accent of the genitive plural gradually switched to the antepenult to match the genitive singular accent.<\/p>\n<p>Transference of quantity is similar to METATHESIS, in which a vowel and consonant can switch places (S 128). English pronunciation has a number of such switches. For example, a vowel can switch places with an &#8220;r&#8221; in actual pronunciation for many English speakers:&nbsp;<em>iron<\/em> is often pronounced <em>iern<\/em>, and <em>prescription<\/em> pronounced <em>perscription<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Stems&nbsp;Ending in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c5<\/span>, and &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1. As with&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;stem&nbsp;nouns, <strong>&#8211;<\/strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span> stem nouns preserve the&nbsp;stem vowel only in the NOMINATIVE and ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR. In the other cases and numbers, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>&nbsp;replaces &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;as the stem vowel (S 268-271). Many &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span> stem nouns share&nbsp;a number of other attributes with &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>&nbsp;stem&nbsp;nouns, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The genitive singular ending lengthens from &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;to &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03c2<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Neither the &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;ending of the genitive singular (due to transference of quantity) nor the&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;ending of the genitive plural draw the accent&nbsp;off of an antepenult.<\/li>\n<li>The accusative singular uses &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;instead of &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>The nominative and accusative plural both end in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b5\u03c2<\/span>, which contracts to &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Note, for example, the inflection of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03c5\u03c2&nbsp;-\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;<em>old man<\/em>:<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Singular<\/td>\n<td>Plural<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03c5\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03c5\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>2. Kings, Priests, and Horsemen!<\/p>\n<p>Noun stems ending in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5<\/span> exhibit more irregularities than stems that end in just &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span>. The inflection patterns of these nouns must be memorized, though some observations may help. Note the following changes that occur in the inflection of&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41&nbsp;\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 -\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2<\/span> &#8220;king&#8221; (S 275; GPH p. 16):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The noun stem&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;drops the &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5 <\/span>before another vowel, leaving just an &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5 <\/span>for its stem vowel.<\/li>\n<li>The genitive singular ending lengthens from &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;to &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03c2<\/span>, due to transference of quantity.<\/li>\n<li>The accent persists on the stem vowel,&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span>. Note that for the dative singular, the original form was&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad<\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>, the noun stem plus the case ending. These two vowels form a diphthong, and the resulting accent, as expected, forms a circumflex.<\/li>\n<li>The&nbsp;nominative plural lengthens the&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5 <\/span>to an &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7 <\/span>(-<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03ad\u1f72\u03c2 <\/span>=<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1fc6\u03c2<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li>The endings for the accusative singular and plural do not contract (the&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span> of both endings is long).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Not long after the Classical period, the NOMINATIVE&nbsp;and ACCUSATIVE&nbsp;PLURALS of these &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5<\/span> nouns change to &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2<\/span>, in parallel with the endings shared by &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span> stem nouns and &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span> stem nouns such as <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03c5\u03c2&nbsp;<\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/span>. The rest of the noun inflects&nbsp;as it did&nbsp;in the Classical period.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 -\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41<\/span> <em>king<\/em> (post-Classical forms in parentheses)<\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Singular<\/td>\n<td>Plural<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2&nbsp;(\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Also inflected&nbsp;on this pattern are the following two nouns:<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 -\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41<\/span> <em>priest<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f31\u03c0\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 -\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41<\/span> <em>horseman, charioteer<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>3. Ships!<\/p>\n<p>The noun&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21&nbsp;\u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03c2<\/span> &#8220;ship&#8221; is a common word in Greek, as might be expected for a people closely associated with seafaring.&nbsp;The&nbsp;stem for this noun&nbsp;ends in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c5<\/span>. Like noun&nbsp;stems ending in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5<\/span>,&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c5<\/span> nouns&nbsp;exhibit more irregularities than stems that end in just &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span>. The inflection pattern of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21&nbsp;\u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03c2&nbsp;<\/span>must be memorized, though some observations may help (S 275; GPH p. 16).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The vowel&nbsp;stem &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;drops the &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5&nbsp;<\/span>before another vowel, resulting in a vowel stem of&nbsp;either &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5<\/span> or &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b7<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>The genitive singular ending lengthens from &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;to &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c9\u03c2<\/span>,&nbsp;due to transference of quantity.<\/li>\n<li>The accent&nbsp;pattern follows that of a monosyllabic nouns of the 3rd Declension.<\/li>\n<li>The accusative singular uses &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;instead of &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>The nominative singular and accusative plural are identical in form.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03c2 \u1f21<\/span> <em>ship<\/em><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Singular<\/td>\n<td>Plural<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21 \u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u1f31 \u03bd\u1fc6\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u03b5\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bd\u03b7\u03af<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03af<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;\u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>4.&nbsp;Bulls!<\/p>\n<p>The noun <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03cc\u03c2<\/span>&nbsp;<em>bull<\/em> or <em>cow<\/em>, is also a common word in Greek. These animals were important not only for farming and animal husbandry, but for sacrifices.<\/p>\n<p>The&nbsp;stem for this noun&nbsp;ends in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5&nbsp;<\/span>(S 275; GPH p. 17). Like noun&nbsp;stems ending in &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5 <\/span>and<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c5<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5&nbsp;<\/span>nouns&nbsp;exhibit irregularities. The inflection pattern of <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03cc\u03c2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">&nbsp;<\/span>must be memorized, though some observations may help (S 275-278).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The vowel&nbsp;stem &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>&nbsp;drops the &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5&nbsp;<\/span>before another vowel,&nbsp;resulting in a vowel stem of &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>The genitive singular remains&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>. No transference of quantity can occur, since the stem vowel &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf&nbsp;<\/span>is short.<\/li>\n<li>The accent&nbsp;pattern follows that of a monosyllabic nouns of the 3rd Declension.<\/li>\n<li>The genitive singular and nominative plural endings do not contract.<\/li>\n<li>The accusative singular uses &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd<\/span>&nbsp;instead of &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>The nominative singular and accusative plural are identical in form.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f41<\/span> <em>bull, ox<\/em>; <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f21<\/span> <em>cow<\/em><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Singular<\/td>\n<td>Plural<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u1f41, \u1f21 \u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u1f31, \u03b1\u1f31 \u03b2\u03cc\u03b5\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03cc\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u1ff6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1ff7, \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b2\u03bf\u03af<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>Kings, ships, cows, and the digamma<\/p>\n<p>In earlier periods, there were three additional letters in the Greek alphabet: KOPPA (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03d9<\/span>), SAMPI (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03e1<\/span>), and DIGAMMA (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03dd<\/span>). The <em>koppa<\/em> is a K&nbsp;sound, and remained in use to represent the number 90 in Classical Greek. The <em>sampi<\/em> is a double-S sound, and remained in use to represent the number 900.<\/p>\n<p>The <em>digamma<\/em> represents the W sound. Though the sound, and so the letter, eventually dropped from most dialects by the Classical period, its presence and subsequent loss affected a number of Greek words, particularly nouns with stems ending in&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c5<\/span>, and &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5 <\/span>(S 122, 278). For example, forms such as&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2<\/span>,&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6<\/span>, and&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b1<\/span> ultimately derive from <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03dd\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03dd\u03b9<\/span>, and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03dd\u03b1<\/span>. Gradually, the loss of the <em>digamma<\/em>, together with transference of quantity, resulted in the forms that we encounter today.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, forms such as&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03c2<\/span> and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03bf\u03cc\u03c2<\/span> derive ultimately from&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bd\u03b7\u03dd\u03cc\u03c2<\/span> and&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b2\u03bf\u03dd\u03cc\u03c2<\/span>. Compare these early forms with the Latin nouns&nbsp;<em>navis<\/em> and <em>bovis<\/em>, which preserved the W sound with the Latin letter V.&nbsp;Also of note: Latin preserved the letter&nbsp;<em>koppa<\/em> in its adaptation of the Greek alphabet, and is the source for the English letter Q.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211; \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 &#8211;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key&nbsp;Terms and Concepts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>STEMS ENDING IN &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b9<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>TRANSFERENCE OF QUANTITY<\/li>\n<li>STEMS ENDING IN &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03c5<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b5\u03c5<\/span>, &#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03b1\u03c5<\/span>,&nbsp;&#8211;<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>DIGAMMA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Stems&nbsp;Ending in \u2013\u03b9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c2 -\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f21 power<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 -\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f21 trust, proof, guarantee<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 -\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f21 city<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03be\u03b9\u03c2 -\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f21 action<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b9\u03c2 -\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f21 arrangement, order<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 -\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f21 nature<\/p>\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 -\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f21 favor, thanks. (Declines like a regular dental stem, except that its accusative singular is&nbsp;\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd, as though it were an \u2013\u03b9&nbsp;stem).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Stems Ending in \u2013\u03c5, \u2013\u03b5\u03c5, \u2013\u03b1\u03c5, and \u2013\u03bf\u03c5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 -\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41 king<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f41 bull, ox; \u1f21 cow<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 -\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41&nbsp;priest<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u1f31\u03c0\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 -\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41&nbsp;horseman, charioteer<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03c2 \u1f21 ship<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03c5\u03c2 -\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41 old man; (pl.) ambassadors<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>I. Memorize the vocabulary.<\/p>\n<p>II. Decline in full&nbsp;the following nouns:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>&nbsp;\u1f21 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f21 \u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f41 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2, \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f41 \u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03cc\u03c2<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>III. For the following noun forms, 1). Give the proper form of its article(s), and 2). Change to its opposite number (singular to plural, plural to singular).<\/p>\n<p>For example:&nbsp;\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2&nbsp;(answer: \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \/\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd)<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u1f31\u03c0\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9<\/li>\n<li>\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/li>\n<li>\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2<\/li>\n<li>\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-96","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/96","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/96\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":97,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/96\/revisions\/97"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/96\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=96"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=96"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=96"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/ancientgreek\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=96"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}