{"id":20,"date":"2016-08-26T20:07:11","date_gmt":"2016-08-26T20:07:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/portugues\/front-matter\/second-preliminary-lesson\/"},"modified":"2016-08-26T20:07:11","modified_gmt":"2016-08-26T20:07:11","slug":"second-preliminary-lesson","status":"publish","type":"front-matter","link":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/portugues\/front-matter\/second-preliminary-lesson\/","title":{"rendered":"Second Preliminary Lesson"},"content":{"raw":"\n<h2>Lesson Objectives- Objetivas da Li\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>This lesson presents the general rules of syllable division and stress in Portuguese.<\/li>\n<li>After completing this lesson, the student will be able to better recognizes syllables in pronounce words according the correct stress.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Syllabification and Stress- Silabifica\u00e7\u00e3o e acentua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\n<p>In English we frequently hesitate when we have to divide a word into syllables. We are&nbsp;not sure whether to write me-dal or med-al, glimp-sing, glimps-ing, pos-sible or poss-ible. In&nbsp;Portuguese the rules are simpler and more mechanical.&nbsp;Syllable division works according to the following rules:<\/p>\n<h3>1. Syllabification- Silabifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h3>\n<p>1.1 A single consonant between vowels always belongs with the following syllable:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>bagagem<\/td>\n<td>ba-ga-gem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>amazonas<\/td>\n<td>a-ma-zo-nas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>sotaque<\/td>\n<td>so-ta-que<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>A group of consonants begins a syllable provided it can also begin a word; combinations of&nbsp;consonant plus <strong>l<\/strong> and <strong>r<\/strong> are not split even though some of these combinations do not occur at&nbsp;the beginnings of words:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>acredito<\/td>\n<td>a-cre-di-to<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>obrigado<\/td>\n<td>o-bri-ga-do<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>palavra<\/td>\n<td>pa-la-vra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>aclamar<\/td>\n<td>a-cla-mar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Note that <strong>s<\/strong> is always separated from a group of consonants:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>espada<\/td>\n<td>es-pa-da<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>prescindir<\/td>\n<td>pres-cin-dir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>1.2 Two successive consonants between vowels other than the groups just mentioned&nbsp;accordingly belong to different syllables:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>confortante<\/td>\n<td>con-for-tan-te<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>conforme<\/td>\n<td>con-for-me<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>portugu\u00eas<\/td>\n<td>por-tu-gu\u00eas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>1.3 When there are more than two consonants between vowels, generally only the last one&nbsp;goes with the following syllable unless it is <strong>l<\/strong> or <strong>r<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>transporta<\/td>\n<td>trans-por-ta<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>inspetor<\/td>\n<td>ins-pe-tor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>sempre<\/td>\n<td>sem-pre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>abstrair<\/td>\n<td>abs-tra-ir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>inclemente<\/td>\n<td>in-cle-men-te<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>1.4 The syllable division falls between <strong>rr<\/strong> and <strong>ss<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>sorriso<\/td>\n<td>sor-ri-so<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>passar<\/td>\n<td>pas-sar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>1.5 The written combinations <strong>ch<\/strong>, <strong>lh<\/strong> and <strong>nh<\/strong> represent single sounds and hence are not&nbsp;divided:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>achar<\/td>\n<td>a-char<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>mulher<\/td>\n<td>mu-lher<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>senhor<\/td>\n<td>se-nhor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>1.6 Diphthongs are never divided. A diphthong is a combination of any vowel with <strong>i<\/strong> or <strong>u<\/strong>&nbsp;(but not <strong>ii<\/strong> or <strong>ui<\/strong>):<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>caixeiro<\/td>\n<td>cai-xei-ro<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>animais<\/td>\n<td>a-ni-mais<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>aurora<\/td>\n<td>au-ro-ra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>But diphthongs do not occur before <strong>nd<\/strong>, <strong>nh<\/strong>, or <strong>mb<\/strong>, or before final <strong>l<\/strong>, <strong>r<\/strong>, <strong>z<\/strong>, <strong>m<\/strong>, <strong>ns<\/strong> (see further&nbsp;paragraph 2.3 below). Diphthong-like combinations in these positions and all other&nbsp;combinations of vowels belong to different syllables:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>ainda<\/td>\n<td>a-in-da<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>rainha<\/td>\n<td>ra-i-nha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>voar<\/td>\n<td>vo-ar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>coordenar<\/td>\n<td>co-or-de-nar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ra\u00edz<\/td>\n<td>ra-iz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3>2. Stress- Acentua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h3>\n<p>Portuguese words are stressed on the last syllable, the second-last syllable, or, less&nbsp;commonly, the third-last syllable. Usually the place of the stress can be determined from the&nbsp;form of the word, according to the rules given below; when this is not the case, the place of&nbsp;the stress must be marked (see further the rules for use of diacritical signs, <strong>paragraph 3<\/strong>&nbsp;below). Following are a few rules for determining the place of the stress from the written&nbsp;form of the word. The first step is to divide the word into syllables, following the rules given&nbsp;in <strong>paragraph 1<\/strong> above. The principal rules for unmarked stress can then be:<\/p>\n<p>2.1 When the last syllable ends in <strong>a<\/strong>, <strong>e<\/strong>, <strong>o<\/strong>, or <strong>am<\/strong>, <strong>em<\/strong> with or without <strong>s<\/strong>, the stress falls on the&nbsp;second-last syllable:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>mesa<\/td>\n<td><b>me<\/b>-sa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>contente<\/td>\n<td>con-<strong>ten<\/strong>-te<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>baixos<\/td>\n<td><strong>bai<\/strong>-xos<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>aborrecem<\/td>\n<td>a-bor-<strong>re<\/strong>-cem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>arranjam<\/td>\n<td>ar-<strong>ran<\/strong>-jam<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>homens<\/td>\n<td><strong>ho<\/strong>-mens<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>simples<\/td>\n<td><strong>sim<\/strong>-ples<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>2.2 When the last syllable has any other form it receives the stress:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>abacaxi<\/td>\n<td>a-ba-ca-<strong>xi<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>animais<\/td>\n<td>a-ni-<strong>mais<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>hotel<\/td>\n<td>ho-<strong>tel<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>ruins<\/td>\n<td>ru-<strong>ins<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>camarim<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;ca-ma-<strong>rim<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>bombom<\/td>\n<td>bom-<strong>bom<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>comum<\/td>\n<td>co-<strong>mum<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>estudar<\/td>\n<td>es-tu-<strong>dar<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>dizer<\/td>\n<td>di-<strong>zer<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>abrir<\/td>\n<td>a-<strong>brir<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>assaz<\/td>\n<td>as-<strong>saz<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>pururu<\/td>\n<td>pu-ru-<strong>ru<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>falou<\/td>\n<td>fa-<strong>lou<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>dizei<\/td>\n<td>di-<strong>zei<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>mingau<\/td>\n<td>min-<strong>gau<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>museu<\/td>\n<td>mu-<strong>seu<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>2.3 The treatment of two or more successive vowels:<\/p>\n<h4>Penultimate (Second-to-last) syllable- Pen\u00faltima S\u00edlaba<\/h4>\n<p>Recall that a diphthong is any vowel followed by <strong>i<\/strong> or <strong>u<\/strong> not standing before <strong>nd<\/strong>, <strong>nh<\/strong>, or <strong>mb<\/strong>. A&nbsp;diphthong is always stressed on its first member:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>caia<\/td>\n<td><strong>ca<\/strong>i-a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>aulas<\/td>\n<td><strong>a<\/strong>u-las<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>feira<\/td>\n<td><strong>fe<\/strong>i-ra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>caixeiro<\/td>\n<td>cai-<strong>xe<\/strong>i-ro<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>flibusteiro<\/td>\n<td>fli-bus-<strong>te<\/strong>i-ro<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>But if the <strong>i<\/strong> or <strong>u<\/strong> is stressed, this combination is no longer a diphthong and the stress must be&nbsp;marked:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>sa\u00eda<\/td>\n<td>sa-<strong>i<\/strong>-a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>vi\u00favo<\/td>\n<td>vi-<strong>u<\/strong>-vo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>hero\u00edna<\/td>\n<td>he-ro-<strong>i<\/strong>-na<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>A diphthong-like combination before mb, nd, and nh belongs to two separate syllables, and&nbsp;thus the second of the two (standing in the second-last syllable) is stressed:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Coimbra<\/td>\n<td>Co-<strong>im<\/strong>-bra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ainda<\/td>\n<td>a-<strong>in<\/strong>-da<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>rainha<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;ra-<strong>i<\/strong>-nha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>All other combinations are treated as two separate syllables, just as if there were a consonant&nbsp;between them:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>diabo<\/td>\n<td>di-<strong>a<\/strong>-bo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>baeta<\/td>\n<td>ba-<strong>e<\/strong>-ta<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>When the words with <strong>i<\/strong> or<strong> u<\/strong> plus vowel require the stress on the <strong>i<\/strong> or <strong>u<\/strong>, i.e., on the third-to-last&nbsp;syllable, the place of the stress must be marked:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>faz\u00edamos<\/td>\n<td>fa-<strong>zi<\/strong>-a-mos<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>per\u00edodo<\/td>\n<td>pe-<strong>ri<\/strong>-o-do<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4>At the end of the word- No final de uma palavra<\/h4>\n<p>A combination which forms a diphthong is stressed on its first member and comprises the&nbsp;vowel of the final syllable:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>chamou<\/td>\n<td>cha-<strong>mo<\/strong>u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>alem\u00e3o<\/td>\n<td>a-le-<strong>m\u00e3<\/strong>o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>falai<\/td>\n<td>fa-<strong>la<\/strong>i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>comeu<\/td>\n<td>co-<strong>me<\/strong>u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>mau<\/td>\n<td><strong>ma<\/strong>u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>escrevei<\/td>\n<td>es-cre-<strong>ve<\/strong>i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>If the last member of such a combination is stressed, that is, if it alone forms the final&nbsp;syllable, it must be marked:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>sa\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>sa-<strong>i<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ba\u00fa<\/td>\n<td>ba-<strong>u<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>In the infrequent instances in which two diphthong combinations are possible within a&nbsp;succession of three vowels, the last two form the diphthong:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>saiu<\/td>\n<td>sa-<strong>iu<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>contribuiu<\/td>\n<td>con-tri-bu-<strong>iu<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Recall that since diphthongs do not occur before the final <strong>l<\/strong>, <strong>r<\/strong>, <strong>m<\/strong>, <strong>ns<\/strong>, or <strong>z<\/strong>, a combination&nbsp;resembling a diphthong in this position actually belongs to two different syllables, the last of&nbsp;which (by rule 2.2) is stressed:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>paul<\/td>\n<td>pa-<strong>ul<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>cair<\/td>\n<td>ca-<strong>ir<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>pium<\/td>\n<td>pi-<strong>um<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ruins<\/td>\n<td>ru-<strong>ins<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ju\u00edz<\/td>\n<td>ju-<strong>iz<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>All other combinations of vowels belong to different syllables, and the word follows the&nbsp;general rule in stressing the second-last syllable:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>dia<\/td>\n<td><strong>di<\/strong>-a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>boa<\/td>\n<td><strong>bo<\/strong>-a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>continuo<\/td>\n<td>con-ti-<strong>nu<\/strong>-o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>arredio<\/td>\n<td>ar-re-<strong>di<\/strong>-o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>existia<\/td>\n<td>e-xis-<strong>ti<\/strong>-a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>principio<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;prin-ci-<strong>pi<\/strong>-o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>When the stress falls on another syllable, it must be marked:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>f\u00e9rias<\/td>\n<td><strong>fe<\/strong>-ri-as<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B\u00edblia<\/td>\n<td><strong>Bi<\/strong>-bli-a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ali\u00e1s<\/td>\n<td>a-li-<strong>as<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>princ\u00edpio<\/td>\n<td>prin-<strong>ci<\/strong>-pio<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>cont\u00ednuo<\/td>\n<td>con-<strong>ti<\/strong>-nuo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Words ending in -<strong>iu<\/strong> or -<strong>ui<\/strong> combination are stressed on the first vowel unless a written accent&nbsp;indicates otherwise:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>contribui<\/td>\n<td>con-tri-<strong>bu<\/strong>-i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>existiu<\/td>\n<td>e-xis-<strong>ti<\/strong>-u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3>3. Diacritical signs- Os sinais diacr\u00edticos<\/h3>\n<p>The place of the stress is marked in Portuguese only when it is not in accord&nbsp;with the basic rules given above (paragraphs 2.1 and 2.2). When an a, e, or o is marked for&nbsp;stress, its quality is also indicated at the same time, in the following ways:<\/p>\n<p>3.1 The acute accent (\u00b4) is the primary indicator of stress, and can be used on all vowel&nbsp;letters.<\/p>\n<p>When it occurs on e, o, or a it simultaneously indicates open [\u03b5] and [<span>\u0254<\/span>], and front [a]. It is&nbsp;used in monosyllabic words ending in -a, -e, or -o with or without -s which normally receive&nbsp;stress in the sentence:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>m\u00e1<\/td>\n<td>d\u00e1s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>m\u00e1s<\/td>\n<td>s\u00f3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>p\u00e1<\/td>\n<td>s\u00f3s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>p\u00e1s<\/td>\n<td>p\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>d\u00e1<\/td>\n<td>p\u00e9s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>In the diphthongs \u00e9i [\u03b5i], \u00e9u [\u03b5u], \u00f3i [&nbsp;<span>\u0254<\/span>i], to distinguish them from the identically spelled&nbsp;diphthongs with closed [e] or [o]<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>pap\u00e9is<\/td>\n<td>c\u00e9u<\/td>\n<td>d\u00f3i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>hot\u00e9is<\/td>\n<td>v\u00e9u<\/td>\n<td>len\u00e7\u00f3is<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>an\u00e9is<\/td>\n<td>chap\u00e9u<\/td>\n<td>s\u00f3is<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>In a few words, to distinguish them from identically spelled words:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>p\u00e1ra<\/td>\n<td><em>[he stops]<\/em><\/td>\n<td>para<\/td>\n<td><em>[for]<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>p\u00e9la<\/td>\n<td><em>[he peels]<\/em><\/td>\n<td>pela<\/td>\n<td><em>[for\/by the]<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>3.2 The circumflex accent (^) is used before nasal consonants only over <strong>e<\/strong>, <strong>o<\/strong>, and <strong>a<\/strong> to indicate stressed closed [<span>e\u0342<\/span>]&nbsp;and [<span>\u00f5<\/span>] and stressed central [<span>\u0250\u0342]<\/span>:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>b\u00ean\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td>\n<td>l\u00e2mpada<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>c\u00f4modo<\/td>\n<td>\u00e2ngulo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>The circumflex is also used:<\/p>\n<p>over the oral stressed closed [e] and [o] of monosyllabic words ending in -e,&nbsp;-es, or -os which normally receive stress in the sentence:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>l\u00ea<\/td>\n<td>v\u00ea<\/td>\n<td>p\u00f4s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>l\u00eas<\/td>\n<td>v\u00eas<\/td>\n<td>m\u00eas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>over the stressed vowel followed immediately by the same vowel:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>cr\u00eaem<\/td>\n<td>perd\u00f4o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>l\u00eaem<\/td>\n<td>aben\u00e7\u00f4o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>in some plural verb forms to distinguish them from identically spelled (and often identically&nbsp;pronounced) verb forms:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>v<strong>\u00ea<\/strong>m<\/td>\n<td><em>[they come]<\/em><\/td>\n<td>vem<\/td>\n<td><em>[he, she, you come(s)]<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>t<strong>\u00ea<\/strong>m<\/td>\n<td><em>[they have]<\/em><\/td>\n<td>tem<\/td>\n<td><em>[he, she, you have\/has]<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>on the third person singular of the preterite tense of <strong>poder<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>p<strong>\u00f4<\/strong>de<\/td>\n<td><em>[he,&nbsp;she, you could]<\/em><\/td>\n<td>pode<\/td>\n<td><em>[he, she, you can]<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>3.3 The grave accent (`) indicates contractions between two <strong>a<\/strong>s:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u00e0<\/strong> = a + a<\/td>\n<td><em>[at the]<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u00e0<\/strong>quele = a + aquele<\/td>\n<td><em>[at that]<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>3.4 The til (\u02dc) indicates nasalization and stress, unless there is another written accent&nbsp;mark:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>irm<strong>\u00e3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>imp<strong>\u00f5<\/strong>e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>bot<strong>\u00f5<\/strong>es<\/td>\n<td>balangand<strong>\u00e3<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>alem<strong>\u00e3<\/strong>o<\/td>\n<td>alem<strong>\u00e3<\/strong>es<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>BUT:<\/em><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>b\u00ean\u00e7<strong>\u00e3<\/strong>o<\/td>\n<td><strong>ben<\/strong>-\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00f3rf<strong>\u00e3<\/strong>o<\/td>\n<td><strong>or-<\/strong>n\u00e3o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>or unless a syllable follows:<\/em><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>irm<strong>\u00e3<\/strong>zinha<\/td>\n<td>r<strong>\u00e3<\/strong>zinha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>3.5 The cedilla (\u00e7) under c indicates pronunciation as [s]:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>i\u00e7ar<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>a<strong>\u00e7<\/strong>\u00facar<\/td>\n<td>des<strong>\u00e7<\/strong>o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>fa<strong>\u00e7<\/strong>o<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>EXERCISE: Pronounce the following words, stressing the proper syllable in accord with the&nbsp;preceding rules for pronunciation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>contribu\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>dobradi\u00e7o<\/li>\n<li>gaud\u00e9rio<\/li>\n<li>indiferente<\/li>\n<li>gal\u00e3<\/li>\n<li>\u00fatil<\/li>\n<li>honestidade<\/li>\n<li>Brasil<\/li>\n<li>campo<\/li>\n<li>fuzil<\/li>\n<li>d\u00edzimo<\/li>\n<li>fuzu\u00ea<\/li>\n<li>divis\u00e3o<\/li>\n<li>armezim<\/li>\n<li>bonan\u00e7a<\/li>\n<li>arnica<\/li>\n<li>cafeteria<\/li>\n<li>pol\u00edcia<\/li>\n<li>arranchar<\/li>\n<li>barururu<\/li>\n<li>azedume<\/li>\n<li>ind\u00f4mito<\/li>\n<li>gog\u00f3<\/li>\n<li>Cle\u00f3patra<\/li>\n<li>hidr\u00e1ulica<\/li>\n<li>traduzem<\/li>\n<li>carmim<\/li>\n<li>nabal<\/li>\n<li>inteiram<\/li>\n<li>p\u00e2ndega<\/li>\n<li>n\u00e1car<\/li>\n<li>continuo<\/li>\n<li>cont\u00edguo<\/li>\n<li>constitui<\/li>\n<li>contribui<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n","rendered":"<h2>Lesson Objectives- Objetivas da Li\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>This lesson presents the general rules of syllable division and stress in Portuguese.<\/li>\n<li>After completing this lesson, the student will be able to better recognizes syllables in pronounce words according the correct stress.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Syllabification and Stress- Silabifica\u00e7\u00e3o e acentua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\n<p>In English we frequently hesitate when we have to divide a word into syllables. We are&nbsp;not sure whether to write me-dal or med-al, glimp-sing, glimps-ing, pos-sible or poss-ible. In&nbsp;Portuguese the rules are simpler and more mechanical.&nbsp;Syllable division works according to the following rules:<\/p>\n<h3>1. Syllabification- Silabifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h3>\n<p>1.1 A single consonant between vowels always belongs with the following syllable:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>bagagem<\/td>\n<td>ba-ga-gem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>amazonas<\/td>\n<td>a-ma-zo-nas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>sotaque<\/td>\n<td>so-ta-que<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>A group of consonants begins a syllable provided it can also begin a word; combinations of&nbsp;consonant plus <strong>l<\/strong> and <strong>r<\/strong> are not split even though some of these combinations do not occur at&nbsp;the beginnings of words:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>acredito<\/td>\n<td>a-cre-di-to<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>obrigado<\/td>\n<td>o-bri-ga-do<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>palavra<\/td>\n<td>pa-la-vra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>aclamar<\/td>\n<td>a-cla-mar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Note that <strong>s<\/strong> is always separated from a group of consonants:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>espada<\/td>\n<td>es-pa-da<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>prescindir<\/td>\n<td>pres-cin-dir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>1.2 Two successive consonants between vowels other than the groups just mentioned&nbsp;accordingly belong to different syllables:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>confortante<\/td>\n<td>con-for-tan-te<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>conforme<\/td>\n<td>con-for-me<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>portugu\u00eas<\/td>\n<td>por-tu-gu\u00eas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>1.3 When there are more than two consonants between vowels, generally only the last one&nbsp;goes with the following syllable unless it is <strong>l<\/strong> or <strong>r<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>transporta<\/td>\n<td>trans-por-ta<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>inspetor<\/td>\n<td>ins-pe-tor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>sempre<\/td>\n<td>sem-pre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>abstrair<\/td>\n<td>abs-tra-ir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>inclemente<\/td>\n<td>in-cle-men-te<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>1.4 The syllable division falls between <strong>rr<\/strong> and <strong>ss<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>sorriso<\/td>\n<td>sor-ri-so<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>passar<\/td>\n<td>pas-sar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>1.5 The written combinations <strong>ch<\/strong>, <strong>lh<\/strong> and <strong>nh<\/strong> represent single sounds and hence are not&nbsp;divided:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>achar<\/td>\n<td>a-char<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>mulher<\/td>\n<td>mu-lher<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>senhor<\/td>\n<td>se-nhor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>1.6 Diphthongs are never divided. A diphthong is a combination of any vowel with <strong>i<\/strong> or <strong>u<\/strong>&nbsp;(but not <strong>ii<\/strong> or <strong>ui<\/strong>):<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>caixeiro<\/td>\n<td>cai-xei-ro<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>animais<\/td>\n<td>a-ni-mais<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>aurora<\/td>\n<td>au-ro-ra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>But diphthongs do not occur before <strong>nd<\/strong>, <strong>nh<\/strong>, or <strong>mb<\/strong>, or before final <strong>l<\/strong>, <strong>r<\/strong>, <strong>z<\/strong>, <strong>m<\/strong>, <strong>ns<\/strong> (see further&nbsp;paragraph 2.3 below). Diphthong-like combinations in these positions and all other&nbsp;combinations of vowels belong to different syllables:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>ainda<\/td>\n<td>a-in-da<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>rainha<\/td>\n<td>ra-i-nha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>voar<\/td>\n<td>vo-ar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>coordenar<\/td>\n<td>co-or-de-nar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ra\u00edz<\/td>\n<td>ra-iz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3>2. Stress- Acentua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h3>\n<p>Portuguese words are stressed on the last syllable, the second-last syllable, or, less&nbsp;commonly, the third-last syllable. Usually the place of the stress can be determined from the&nbsp;form of the word, according to the rules given below; when this is not the case, the place of&nbsp;the stress must be marked (see further the rules for use of diacritical signs, <strong>paragraph 3<\/strong>&nbsp;below). Following are a few rules for determining the place of the stress from the written&nbsp;form of the word. The first step is to divide the word into syllables, following the rules given&nbsp;in <strong>paragraph 1<\/strong> above. The principal rules for unmarked stress can then be:<\/p>\n<p>2.1 When the last syllable ends in <strong>a<\/strong>, <strong>e<\/strong>, <strong>o<\/strong>, or <strong>am<\/strong>, <strong>em<\/strong> with or without <strong>s<\/strong>, the stress falls on the&nbsp;second-last syllable:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>mesa<\/td>\n<td><b>me<\/b>-sa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>contente<\/td>\n<td>con-<strong>ten<\/strong>-te<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>baixos<\/td>\n<td><strong>bai<\/strong>-xos<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>aborrecem<\/td>\n<td>a-bor-<strong>re<\/strong>-cem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>arranjam<\/td>\n<td>ar-<strong>ran<\/strong>-jam<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>homens<\/td>\n<td><strong>ho<\/strong>-mens<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>simples<\/td>\n<td><strong>sim<\/strong>-ples<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>2.2 When the last syllable has any other form it receives the stress:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>abacaxi<\/td>\n<td>a-ba-ca-<strong>xi<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>animais<\/td>\n<td>a-ni-<strong>mais<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>hotel<\/td>\n<td>ho-<strong>tel<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>ruins<\/td>\n<td>ru-<strong>ins<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>camarim<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;ca-ma-<strong>rim<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>bombom<\/td>\n<td>bom-<strong>bom<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>comum<\/td>\n<td>co-<strong>mum<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>estudar<\/td>\n<td>es-tu-<strong>dar<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>dizer<\/td>\n<td>di-<strong>zer<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>abrir<\/td>\n<td>a-<strong>brir<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>assaz<\/td>\n<td>as-<strong>saz<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>pururu<\/td>\n<td>pu-ru-<strong>ru<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>falou<\/td>\n<td>fa-<strong>lou<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>dizei<\/td>\n<td>di-<strong>zei<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>mingau<\/td>\n<td>min-<strong>gau<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>museu<\/td>\n<td>mu-<strong>seu<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>2.3 The treatment of two or more successive vowels:<\/p>\n<h4>Penultimate (Second-to-last) syllable- Pen\u00faltima S\u00edlaba<\/h4>\n<p>Recall that a diphthong is any vowel followed by <strong>i<\/strong> or <strong>u<\/strong> not standing before <strong>nd<\/strong>, <strong>nh<\/strong>, or <strong>mb<\/strong>. A&nbsp;diphthong is always stressed on its first member:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>caia<\/td>\n<td><strong>ca<\/strong>i-a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>aulas<\/td>\n<td><strong>a<\/strong>u-las<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>feira<\/td>\n<td><strong>fe<\/strong>i-ra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>caixeiro<\/td>\n<td>cai-<strong>xe<\/strong>i-ro<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>flibusteiro<\/td>\n<td>fli-bus-<strong>te<\/strong>i-ro<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>But if the <strong>i<\/strong> or <strong>u<\/strong> is stressed, this combination is no longer a diphthong and the stress must be&nbsp;marked:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>sa\u00eda<\/td>\n<td>sa-<strong>i<\/strong>-a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>vi\u00favo<\/td>\n<td>vi-<strong>u<\/strong>-vo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>hero\u00edna<\/td>\n<td>he-ro-<strong>i<\/strong>-na<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>A diphthong-like combination before mb, nd, and nh belongs to two separate syllables, and&nbsp;thus the second of the two (standing in the second-last syllable) is stressed:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Coimbra<\/td>\n<td>Co-<strong>im<\/strong>-bra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ainda<\/td>\n<td>a-<strong>in<\/strong>-da<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>rainha<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;ra-<strong>i<\/strong>-nha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>All other combinations are treated as two separate syllables, just as if there were a consonant&nbsp;between them:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>diabo<\/td>\n<td>di-<strong>a<\/strong>-bo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>baeta<\/td>\n<td>ba-<strong>e<\/strong>-ta<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>When the words with <strong>i<\/strong> or<strong> u<\/strong> plus vowel require the stress on the <strong>i<\/strong> or <strong>u<\/strong>, i.e., on the third-to-last&nbsp;syllable, the place of the stress must be marked:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>faz\u00edamos<\/td>\n<td>fa-<strong>zi<\/strong>-a-mos<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>per\u00edodo<\/td>\n<td>pe-<strong>ri<\/strong>-o-do<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4>At the end of the word- No final de uma palavra<\/h4>\n<p>A combination which forms a diphthong is stressed on its first member and comprises the&nbsp;vowel of the final syllable:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>chamou<\/td>\n<td>cha-<strong>mo<\/strong>u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>alem\u00e3o<\/td>\n<td>a-le-<strong>m\u00e3<\/strong>o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>falai<\/td>\n<td>fa-<strong>la<\/strong>i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>comeu<\/td>\n<td>co-<strong>me<\/strong>u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>mau<\/td>\n<td><strong>ma<\/strong>u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>escrevei<\/td>\n<td>es-cre-<strong>ve<\/strong>i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>If the last member of such a combination is stressed, that is, if it alone forms the final&nbsp;syllable, it must be marked:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>sa\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>sa-<strong>i<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ba\u00fa<\/td>\n<td>ba-<strong>u<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>In the infrequent instances in which two diphthong combinations are possible within a&nbsp;succession of three vowels, the last two form the diphthong:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>saiu<\/td>\n<td>sa-<strong>iu<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>contribuiu<\/td>\n<td>con-tri-bu-<strong>iu<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Recall that since diphthongs do not occur before the final <strong>l<\/strong>, <strong>r<\/strong>, <strong>m<\/strong>, <strong>ns<\/strong>, or <strong>z<\/strong>, a combination&nbsp;resembling a diphthong in this position actually belongs to two different syllables, the last of&nbsp;which (by rule 2.2) is stressed:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>paul<\/td>\n<td>pa-<strong>ul<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>cair<\/td>\n<td>ca-<strong>ir<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>pium<\/td>\n<td>pi-<strong>um<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ruins<\/td>\n<td>ru-<strong>ins<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ju\u00edz<\/td>\n<td>ju-<strong>iz<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>All other combinations of vowels belong to different syllables, and the word follows the&nbsp;general rule in stressing the second-last syllable:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>dia<\/td>\n<td><strong>di<\/strong>-a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>boa<\/td>\n<td><strong>bo<\/strong>-a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>continuo<\/td>\n<td>con-ti-<strong>nu<\/strong>-o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>arredio<\/td>\n<td>ar-re-<strong>di<\/strong>-o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>existia<\/td>\n<td>e-xis-<strong>ti<\/strong>-a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>principio<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;prin-ci-<strong>pi<\/strong>-o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>When the stress falls on another syllable, it must be marked:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>f\u00e9rias<\/td>\n<td><strong>fe<\/strong>-ri-as<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B\u00edblia<\/td>\n<td><strong>Bi<\/strong>-bli-a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ali\u00e1s<\/td>\n<td>a-li-<strong>as<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>princ\u00edpio<\/td>\n<td>prin-<strong>ci<\/strong>-pio<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>cont\u00ednuo<\/td>\n<td>con-<strong>ti<\/strong>-nuo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Words ending in &#8211;<strong>iu<\/strong> or &#8211;<strong>ui<\/strong> combination are stressed on the first vowel unless a written accent&nbsp;indicates otherwise:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>contribui<\/td>\n<td>con-tri-<strong>bu<\/strong>-i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>existiu<\/td>\n<td>e-xis-<strong>ti<\/strong>-u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3>3. Diacritical signs- Os sinais diacr\u00edticos<\/h3>\n<p>The place of the stress is marked in Portuguese only when it is not in accord&nbsp;with the basic rules given above (paragraphs 2.1 and 2.2). When an a, e, or o is marked for&nbsp;stress, its quality is also indicated at the same time, in the following ways:<\/p>\n<p>3.1 The acute accent (\u00b4) is the primary indicator of stress, and can be used on all vowel&nbsp;letters.<\/p>\n<p>When it occurs on e, o, or a it simultaneously indicates open [\u03b5] and [\u0254], and front [a]. It is&nbsp;used in monosyllabic words ending in -a, -e, or -o with or without -s which normally receive&nbsp;stress in the sentence:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>m\u00e1<\/td>\n<td>d\u00e1s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>m\u00e1s<\/td>\n<td>s\u00f3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>p\u00e1<\/td>\n<td>s\u00f3s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>p\u00e1s<\/td>\n<td>p\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>d\u00e1<\/td>\n<td>p\u00e9s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>In the diphthongs \u00e9i [\u03b5i], \u00e9u [\u03b5u], \u00f3i [&nbsp;\u0254i], to distinguish them from the identically spelled&nbsp;diphthongs with closed [e] or [o]<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>pap\u00e9is<\/td>\n<td>c\u00e9u<\/td>\n<td>d\u00f3i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>hot\u00e9is<\/td>\n<td>v\u00e9u<\/td>\n<td>len\u00e7\u00f3is<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>an\u00e9is<\/td>\n<td>chap\u00e9u<\/td>\n<td>s\u00f3is<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>In a few words, to distinguish them from identically spelled words:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>p\u00e1ra<\/td>\n<td><em>[he stops]<\/em><\/td>\n<td>para<\/td>\n<td><em>[for]<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>p\u00e9la<\/td>\n<td><em>[he peels]<\/em><\/td>\n<td>pela<\/td>\n<td><em>[for\/by the]<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>3.2 The circumflex accent (^) is used before nasal consonants only over <strong>e<\/strong>, <strong>o<\/strong>, and <strong>a<\/strong> to indicate stressed closed [e\u0342]&nbsp;and [\u00f5] and stressed central [\u0250\u0342]:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>b\u00ean\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td>\n<td>l\u00e2mpada<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>c\u00f4modo<\/td>\n<td>\u00e2ngulo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>The circumflex is also used:<\/p>\n<p>over the oral stressed closed [e] and [o] of monosyllabic words ending in -e,&nbsp;-es, or -os which normally receive stress in the sentence:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>l\u00ea<\/td>\n<td>v\u00ea<\/td>\n<td>p\u00f4s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>l\u00eas<\/td>\n<td>v\u00eas<\/td>\n<td>m\u00eas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>over the stressed vowel followed immediately by the same vowel:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>cr\u00eaem<\/td>\n<td>perd\u00f4o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>l\u00eaem<\/td>\n<td>aben\u00e7\u00f4o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>in some plural verb forms to distinguish them from identically spelled (and often identically&nbsp;pronounced) verb forms:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>v<strong>\u00ea<\/strong>m<\/td>\n<td><em>[they come]<\/em><\/td>\n<td>vem<\/td>\n<td><em>[he, she, you come(s)]<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>t<strong>\u00ea<\/strong>m<\/td>\n<td><em>[they have]<\/em><\/td>\n<td>tem<\/td>\n<td><em>[he, she, you have\/has]<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>on the third person singular of the preterite tense of <strong>poder<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>p<strong>\u00f4<\/strong>de<\/td>\n<td><em>[he,&nbsp;she, you could]<\/em><\/td>\n<td>pode<\/td>\n<td><em>[he, she, you can]<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>3.3 The grave accent (`) indicates contractions between two <strong>a<\/strong>s:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u00e0<\/strong> = a + a<\/td>\n<td><em>[at the]<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u00e0<\/strong>quele = a + aquele<\/td>\n<td><em>[at that]<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>3.4 The til (\u02dc) indicates nasalization and stress, unless there is another written accent&nbsp;mark:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>irm<strong>\u00e3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>imp<strong>\u00f5<\/strong>e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>bot<strong>\u00f5<\/strong>es<\/td>\n<td>balangand<strong>\u00e3<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>alem<strong>\u00e3<\/strong>o<\/td>\n<td>alem<strong>\u00e3<\/strong>es<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>BUT:<\/em><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>b\u00ean\u00e7<strong>\u00e3<\/strong>o<\/td>\n<td><strong>ben<\/strong>-\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00f3rf<strong>\u00e3<\/strong>o<\/td>\n<td><strong>or-<\/strong>n\u00e3o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>or unless a syllable follows:<\/em><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>irm<strong>\u00e3<\/strong>zinha<\/td>\n<td>r<strong>\u00e3<\/strong>zinha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>3.5 The cedilla (\u00e7) under c indicates pronunciation as [s]:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>i\u00e7ar<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>a<strong>\u00e7<\/strong>\u00facar<\/td>\n<td>des<strong>\u00e7<\/strong>o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>fa<strong>\u00e7<\/strong>o<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>EXERCISE: Pronounce the following words, stressing the proper syllable in accord with the&nbsp;preceding rules for pronunciation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>contribu\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>dobradi\u00e7o<\/li>\n<li>gaud\u00e9rio<\/li>\n<li>indiferente<\/li>\n<li>gal\u00e3<\/li>\n<li>\u00fatil<\/li>\n<li>honestidade<\/li>\n<li>Brasil<\/li>\n<li>campo<\/li>\n<li>fuzil<\/li>\n<li>d\u00edzimo<\/li>\n<li>fuzu\u00ea<\/li>\n<li>divis\u00e3o<\/li>\n<li>armezim<\/li>\n<li>bonan\u00e7a<\/li>\n<li>arnica<\/li>\n<li>cafeteria<\/li>\n<li>pol\u00edcia<\/li>\n<li>arranchar<\/li>\n<li>barururu<\/li>\n<li>azedume<\/li>\n<li>ind\u00f4mito<\/li>\n<li>gog\u00f3<\/li>\n<li>Cle\u00f3patra<\/li>\n<li>hidr\u00e1ulica<\/li>\n<li>traduzem<\/li>\n<li>carmim<\/li>\n<li>nabal<\/li>\n<li>inteiram<\/li>\n<li>p\u00e2ndega<\/li>\n<li>n\u00e1car<\/li>\n<li>continuo<\/li>\n<li>cont\u00edguo<\/li>\n<li>constitui<\/li>\n<li>contribui<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"front-matter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-20","front-matter","type-front-matter","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/portugues\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/20","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/portugues\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/portugues\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/front-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/portugues\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/portugues\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/20\/revisions"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/portugues\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/20\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/portugues\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"front-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/portugues\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter-type?post=20"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/portugues\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=20"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.publiconsulting.com\/wordpress\/portugues\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=20"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}