Reading Passages
Assignment
For each of the following Greek sentences: 1). Read it aloud; 2). Parse each verb and noun; and 3). Translate each sentence into English. To download the Classical Readings as a pdf, click here: AGE Readings 4. To download the Biblical Readings as a pdf, click here: AGE Readings 4b.
Classical Readings
1. The Titan Prometheus has been bound to a cliff face in the Caucasus mountains on the orders of Zeus, king of the Olympian gods. Once he is bound, Prometheus sings about his suffering, but then suddenly stops and says:
καίτοι τί φημι;
καίτοι = form of καί used to change topics
Aeschylus Prometheus Bound 101
2. A chorus of the daughters of the god of the Ocean come visit Prometheus and learn of his punishment. When Prometheus explains that his punishment can end only when Zeus wills it so, the chorus asks in despair:
τίς ἐλπίς [ἐστιν];
Aeschylus Prometheus Bound 259
Note:
Is τίς an interrogative pronoun or adjective here?
3. During the Trojan War, the great Greek warrior Ajax becomes embroiled in a controversy and eventually commits suicide. His wife (and former prisoner of war) says of his enemies:
Αἴας γὰρ αὐτοῖς οὐκέτ’ ἐστίν…
Αἴας Αἴαντος ὁ Ajax
οὐκέτ’ = οὐκέτι no longer
Sophocles Ajax 972
4. Ajax’s half-brother, Teucer, defends the fallen warrior’s reputation, which angers the general of the Greek forces, Agamemnon. Here Agamemnon sarcastically quotes Teucer to his face:
ἀλλ’ αὐτὸς ἄρχων, ὡς σὺ φῄς, Αἴας ἔπλει.
Αἴας –αντος ὁ Ajax
ἔπλει (3rd sg) sailed
σύ (nom sg) you
Sophocles Ajax 1234
5. After the Trojan War, Agamemnon returns home and is murdered by his wife, Clytemnestra (in retaliation for Agamemnon murdering their daughter Iphigenia before the war). Two of their other children, sister Electra and brother Orestes, later meet and conspire to take vengeance on their own mother. In preparation, Electra sings in part:
δαιμόνιον αὐτὸ τίθημ’ ἐγώ.
δαιμόνιον (nom/acc sg) τό divine
ἐγώ (nom sg) I
Sophocles Electra 1269-70
Notes:
δαιμόνιον and αὐτὸ are in apposition.
τίθημ’ in this context is best translated as “ordain, reckon”
6. After Electra and Orestes kill their mother, Orestes falls ill and hallucinates. At one point, his uncle Menelaus (Agamemnon’s brother) visits and asks:
τίς σε ἀπόλλυσιν νόσος;
νόσος (nom sg) ὁ disease
σε (acc sg) you
Euripides Orestes 395
7. Ion is a young man who has been raised as an orphan at a temple, ever since he was left there as an infant. Now the priestess of the temple is giving Ion the cradle in which he was found, so that he can search for his parents:
ὦ παῖ, καὶ τάδ’ ἀποδίδωμί σοι.
σοι (dat sg) you
ὦ παῖ “Oh child,”; παῖ is the vocative case (we learn this later) of παῖς
Euripides Ion 1358
Note:
Is καί a conjunction or an adverb here?
8. Another famous orphan was Oedipus. In this scene, he is trying to discover who his birth parents were. He has found the shepherd who originally took the baby Oedipus from his original parents. At one point the shepherd says that the queen of the city (who is also Oedipus’ wife) knows the origin of the baby Oedipus. Oedipus then asks:
ἦ γὰρ δίδωσιν ἥδε σοι;
ἦ (sets up a yes/no question)
σοι (dat sg) you
Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannos 1173
9. Later, Oedipus, old, blind and in exile, comes to the Athenian suburb of Colonus, along with his daughter Antigone, where his other daughter, Ismene, joins them. Then Antigone tells Oedipus that Polynices (their brother/son/uncle) has just arrived.
…πάρεστι δεῦρο Πολυνείκης ὅδε.
Polynices enters and says:
οἴμοι, …
δεῦρο here
οἴμοι (a cry of pain)
πάρειμι be present
Πολυνείκης (nom sg) ὁ Polynices
Sophocles Oedipus at Colonus 1253
10. As he prepares to invade Thebes and attack his brother, Polynices responds to his mother’s request that the brothers meet and try one last time to settle their differences. He says:
μῆτερ, πάρειμι …
μῆτερ mother
Euripides Phoenician Women 446
11. In Euripides’ satyrical version of Odysseus’ encounter with the Cyclops (originally from Odyssey book 9), Silenus takes the bowl of wine and the Cyclops asks:
ἰδού. τί δῆτα τὸν κρατῆρ’ ὄπισθ’ ἐμοῦ τίθης;
δῆτα (emphasizes preceding word)
ἐμοῦ (gen. sg.) me
ἰδού Look! Hey!
κρατῆρ’ = κρατῆρα < κρατήρ –ρος ὁ bowl (for wine)
ὄπισθ’ = ὄπισθε behind (+ gen.)
Euripides Cyclops 545
12. In an alternate (lost) version of Aristophanes’ Peace, the goddess of farming plays a role. She appears and says that she is closely related to Peace, at which point someone asks her:
σοὶ δ’ ὄνομα δὴ τί ἐστιν;
to which the goddess responds:
ὅ τι; Γεωργία.
Γεωργία (nom sg) ἡ Agriculture, Farming
δή (emphasizes preceding word)
σοι (dat sg) you
Aristophanes Peace fr. 305
Note:
ὅ τι is an indefinite relative pronoun, here in the nominative case modifying a neuter singular antecedent. What is that antecedent?
13. In another comedy, the tragedian Euripides is in trouble with the women of Athens for his unflattering portrayal of them on stage. He sends one of his in-laws to spy on the women, but he ends up captured. Euripides later comes in disguise to rescue his kinsman from a guard:
Archer guard: ὄνομα δέ σοι τί ἐστιν;
Euripides: Ἀρτεμισία.
Ἀρτεμισία (nom sg) ἡ Artemesia (a famous naval commander from the Persian wars)
σοι (dat sg) you
Aristophanes Thesmophoriazusae 1200
14. The historian Thucydides counts the ships lost in a naval battle:
αὐτοὶ δὲ πέντε καὶ δέκα ναῦς ἀπολλύασιν.
δέκα ten
ναῦς (acc pl) ἡ ships
πέντε five
Thucydides 8.106.4
Note:
Many numbers, including δέκα and πέντε, do not decline. The nouns that they modify are usually obvious from context.
15. The intellectual and teacher Isocrates is listing things that people do in order to better themselves and receive a superior education at Athens:
ἀλλὰ δῆλον ὅτι καὶ πλέουσι καὶ χρήματα διδόασιν καὶ πάντα ποιοῦσιν.
δῆλον [supply ἐστίν] (nom sg) τό clear
πάντα (nom/acc pl) τό anything & everything
πλέουσι (3rd pl) sail
ποιοῦσιν (3rd pl) do
χρῆμα –ατος τό thing (pl.) money
Isocrates 15.226
16. Here Socrates is trying to determine the nature and origin of words:
τίς παραδίδωσιν ἡμῖν τὰ ὀνόματα οἷς χρώμεθα;
ἡμῖν (dat pl) us
χρώμεθα (1st pl) use (takes a dative object)
Plato Cratylus 388d
Biblical Readings
1. From a koine Greek translation of an ancient Jewish prayer:
καὶ πτωχοῦ καὶ πένητος ἡ ἐλπὶς τίς ἐστιν, εἰ μὴ σύ, κύριε;
κύριε Lord!
πένης -ητος ὁ poor man
πτωχοῦ (gen sg) ὁ beggar
σύ (nom. sg.) you
Psalm of Solomon 5:11
Note:
The negative of a protasis (if clause) in a conditional is usually expressed by μή.
The fifth book of Moses (the last of the collection called in Greek the Πεντάτευχος “Pentateuch,” which refers to its five volumes) is known in English as Deuteronomy (from Greek Δευτερονόμιον “second law“). It consists primarily of speeches by Moses to the Israelites, renewing and refining religious practice. Substantial portions consist of rules and regulations, and as such often have a repeated pattern and formula. The next several sentences give examples of slight variations on a phrase repeated often in Deuteronomy.
2. Moses recalls that he said to the Israelites that they had come:
ἕως τοῦ ὄρους τοῦ Αμορραίου, ὃ ὁ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν δίδωσιν ὑμῖν.
Αμορραίου (gen sg) τό Amorite
ἕως as far as (+ gen.)
ἡμῶν our
θεός (nom sg) ὁ god
κύριος (nom sg) ὁ lord
ὄρους (gen sg) τό mountain, hill
ὑμῖν (dat pl) y’all
LXX Deut. 1:20
3. Moses recalls the report of the Valley of Eshcol:
Ἀγαθὴ [ἐστιν] ἡ γῆ, ἣν κύριος ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν δίδωσιν ἡμῖν.
ἀγαθὴ (fem. nom sg) good
γῆ (nom sg) ἡ earth, land
ἡμῖν (dat pl) us
ἡμῶν our
θεός (nom sg) ὁ god
κύριος (nom sg) ὁ lord
LXX Deut. 1:25
4. Moses relays the Lord’s promise that the Israelites will consume:
πάντα τὰ σκῦλα τῶν ἐθνῶν, ἃ κύριος ὁ θεός σου δίδωσίν σοι·
ἐθνῶν (gen pl) τό nation, people
θεός (nom sg) ὁ god
κύριος (nom sg) ὁ lord
πάντα (acc pl) τό all
σκῦλα (acc pl) τό spoils, prizes of war
σοι (dat sg) you
σου your
LXX Deut. 7:16
5. At Gerasa, Jesus meets a man possessed by a spirit (πνεῦμα). After he commands the spirit to exit the man, he asks:
Τί ὄνομά σοι;
to which the spirit replies
Λεγιὼν ὄνομά μοι, ὅτι πολλοί ἐσμεν.
λεγιών -ῶνος ὁ = Latin legio (a Roman unit of 5000+ troops)
μοι (dat sg) me
πολλοί (nom pl) ὁ many
σοι (dat sg) you
Κατὰ Μᾶρκον 5:9
6. At dinner, after Jesus forgives a woman’s sins, others sitting at the table ask:
Τίς οὗτός ἐστιν ὃς καὶ ἁμαρτίας ἀφίησιν;
ἁμαρτίας (acc pl) ἡ sins
οὗτος (masc. nom sg) ὁ this
Κατὰ Λουκᾶν 7:49
7. When the blind man reports that he was healed by Jesus, others ask him:
Ποῦ ἐστιν ἐκεῖνος;
ποῦ where?
Κατὰ Ἰωάννην 9:12
8. At Simon’s house, Peter answers a call from men sent by Cornelius:
Ἰδοὺ ἐγώ εἰμι ὃν ζητεῖτε· τίς ἡ αἰτία δι’ ἣν πάρεστε;
αἰτία (nom sg) ἡ cause, reason
δι’ = διά because of
ἐγώ (nom sg) I
ζητεῖτε (2nd pl) seek
ἰδού Look!
Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων 10:21
9. Paul says he is unfit to be called an apostle,
χάριτι δὲ θεοῦ εἰμι ὅ εἰμι.
θεοῦ (gen sg) ὁ god
χάρις χάριτος ἡ grace
Πρὸς Κορινθίους α’ 15:10
10. Paul warns that God destroys anyone who destroys his temple:
εἴ τις τὸν ναὸν τοῦ θεοῦ φθείρει, φθερεῖ τοῦτον ὁ θεός· ὁ γὰρ ναὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ἅγιός ἐστιν.
ἅγιος (nom sg) ὁ holy
θεοῦ (gen sg) ὁ god
ναός (nom sg); ναόν (acc. sg) ὁ temple
τοῦτον (masc. acc. sg.) this man
φθείρει (3rd sing. present); φθερεῖ (3rd sing. future) destroy
Πρὸς Κορινθίους α’ 3:17
11. Paul urges Christians to take the helmet of salvation
καὶ τὴν μάχαιραν τοῦ πνεύματος, ὅ ἐστιν ῥῆμα θεοῦ…
θεοῦ (gen sg) ὁ God
μάχαιραν (acc sg) ἡ sword
ῥῆμα -ατος τό speech
Πρὸς Ἐφεσίους 6:17
12. From the Book of Revelation, a lamb that has:
…κέρατα ἑπτὰ καὶ ὀφθαλμοὺς ἑπτά, οἵ εἰσιν τὰ [ἑπτὰ] πνεύματα τοῦ θεοῦ …
ἑπτά seven (does not decline)
θεοῦ (gen sg) ὁ God
κέρας κέρατος τό horn
ὀφθαλμούς (acc pl) ὁ eyes
Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰωάννου 5:6